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• W3125338914 abstract "ABSTRACTShould the Eighth Amendment prohibit all undeserved criminal convictions and punishments? There are grounds to argue that it must. Correlation between the level of deserts of the accused and the severity of the sanction imposed represents the very idea of justice to most of us. We want to believe that those branded as criminals deserve blame for their conduct and that they deserve all of the punishment they receive. A deserts limitation is also key to explaining the decisions in which the Supreme Court has rejected convictions or as disproportional, including several major rulings in the new millennium. Yet, this view of the Eighth Amendment challenges many current criminal-law doctrines and sentencing practices that favor crime prevention over retributive limits. Mistake-of-law doctrine, felony-murder rules, and mandatoryminimum sentencing laws are only a few examples. Why have these laws and practices survived? One answer is that the Supreme Court has limited proportionality relief to a few narrow problems involving the death penalty or life imprisonment without parole, and it has avoided openly endorsing the deserts limitation even in cases in which defendants have prevailed. This Article presents a deeper explanation. I point to four reasons why the doctrine must remain severely stunted in relation to its animating principle. I aim to clarify both what the Eighth Amendment reveals about the kind of people we would like to be and why the Supreme Court is not able to force us to live up to that aspiration.IntroductionFew knowledgeable persons would deny that our system of criminal justice sometimes fails to ensure fair outcomes for criminal defendants.1 But the harder acknowledgment is that tendencies toward unfair treatment of defendants are built-in to the system. Some constitutional doctrines, such as the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt2 and the protection against self-incrimination,3 go far towards protecting accused persons. They even help some guilty defendants evade conviction.4 Many other defendants also avoid deserved punishment through plea bargaining.5 Nonetheless, some criminal defendants receive far more punishment than they deserve.6Numerous criminal-law doctrines and sentencing laws and practices favor crime prevention over retributive limits. Examples on the liability front include felony-murder doctrine,7 juvenile transfer rules,8 and statutes abolishing or neutering the insanity defense.9 Examples on the sentencing front include mandatory-minimum sentences,10 three-strike laws,11 and the practice of imposing much lengthier sentences on repeat offenders who have paid fully for their prior crimes.12 By discounting offender deserts, these laws and practices produce injustice by design.The prohibition on cruel and unusual punishments in the Eighth Amendment13 provides hope for remedying some of these injustices. The potential for Eighth Amendment relief arises because the Supreme Court has declared that the clause prohibits not merely certain egregious that are always improper, but also those that are disproportional as applied although not always proscribed.14 The explanation behind a proportionality mandate focuses on retributive theory and asserts that there is injustice in inflicting punishment that exceeds retributive limits.15 Under this view, laws and practices are unjust when they impose criminal liability or punishment beyond what the defendant deserves, even if such imposition is plausibly aimed at crime prevention or other utilitarian ends.16The view that the Eighth Amendment limits excessive punishment17 has a long pedigree in Supreme Court jurisprudence. The Court first rejected a punishment on this basis in 1910, in Weems v. United States,18 striking down a fifteen-year sentence of harsh imprisonment and perpetual loss of civil liberties for minor crimes, without suggesting that the sanctions would be impermissible for serious crimes, such as rape or homicide. …" @default.
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• W3125338914 date "2013-10-01" @default.
• W3125338914 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W3125338914 title "The Eighth Amendment as a Warrant Against Undeserved Punishment" @default.
• W3125338914 hasPublicationYear "2013" @default.
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