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• W3125749505 abstract "This article is a contribution to a new voices in the war on Symposium. Over the last few decades, law enforcement efforts to control the United States borders have been focused on drugs and immigrants. While the North American Free Trade Agreement encouraged the free flow of capital across American borders, the United States almost simultaneously took aggressive steps in the name of reducing the flow of undocumented labor and drugs from its southern neighbor, Mexico. These measures, however, have proven to be more symbolic than real in accomplishing the stated goals. Undocumented immigrants and drugs regularly cross the border, in no small part in response to market forces. Nonetheless, border enforcement has had perhaps unintended consequences, including the loss of lives (almost exclusively of Mexican citizens) in the southern border region and the stopping and questioning of large numbers of innocent persons, many of Mexican ancestry, in the United States. Drug and immigration enforcement are inextricably linked, both at the U.S. borders and in our cities. On the one hand, domestic efforts to remove undocumented immigrants are designed to enforce the immigration laws regulating entry into the country. On the other hand, law enforcement efforts to interdict drugs at the border seek to reduce the supply of drugs in the United States. Importantly, in both drug and immigration enforcement, law enforcement authorities frequently resort to race as a proxy for uncovering violations of the law. The racial impacts of the war on drugs are well-documented, as are those resulting from U.S. immigration enforcement. Specifically, police allegedly employ race profiles in traffic stops as a pretext to search for drugs, just as U.S. Border Patrol officers employ illegal alien and drug courier profiles with race as their touchstone. Part I of this article summarizes the law concerning race-based law enforcement in the United States. Part II considers the use of race at the U.S. borders in efforts to stem the flow of drugs and migrants into the country and analyzes U.S. Customs Service reforms that have reduced reliance on race while improving the effectiveness of border searches and seizures. Part III considers the disparate racial impacts resulting from the placement of undue discretion in the hands of law enforcement officers, which invites excessive reliance on race. It suggests the need for increased limits on law enforcement discretion, perhaps through the promulgation of rules and regulations, to reduce the centrality of race to domestic and international law enforcement. Perhaps counter-intuitively, such limits hold the potential of improving law enforcement as well as possibly reducing invidious discrimination." @default.
• W3125749505 created "2021-02-01" @default.
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• W3125749505 date "2002-01-01" @default.
• W3125749505 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W3125749505 title "U.S. Border Enforcement: Drugs, Migrants, and the Rule of Law" @default.
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