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• W31265743 abstract "Knowledge of scales of dispersal and levels of population connectivity is critical forunderstanding population dynamics and effective management of reef fishes. Theseprocesses are important for effective design of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) particularlyif they are to generate ‘spillover’ and ‘recruitment effects’. Despite this, empirical dataacross appropriate spatial and temporal scales are limited. This is the first study to focus ondispersal and population connectivity for temperate reef fishes in central NSW, Australia, atscales relevant to the implementation of MPAs (100's m - 100's km). The study provides:(1) empirical data on the localised benefits of small MPAs relative to the mobility ofexploited reef fishes; (2) baseline data on the utility of different methods (microsatellitemarkers and otolith chemistry) for determining levels of population connectivity, andpotential scales of benefits of MPAs to unprotected areas. Work on microsatellite markerscompared population genetic structure in species which span the post-settlement dispersalpotentials of reef fishes in this region, and provides a benchmark for understanding generalmechanisms which govern gene flow, and population connectivity, in central NSW.The response of exploited reef fishes to the establishment of small MPAs (≤ 0.2 km2), wasinvestigated relative to knowledge of post-settlement movement. Two established MPAswere surveyed: Cabbage Tree Bay (CTB) a 2.5 year old ‘no-take’ MPA, and Gordon's Bay(GB) a 12.5 year old MPA closed to spear fishing only. Abundances and sizes of four‘sedentary’ and three ‘mobile’ fishes within each MPA were compared with three controllocations at six times over two years. Temporal variation in abundances suggested thatMPAs did not encompass the movement of most species, with the exception of two‘sedentary’ species (Cheilodactylus fuscus and Achoerodus viridis). However,generalizations could not be made between estimated mobility, duration of protection andMPA response. Densities of legal-sized C. fuscus were 2.8-times higher and fish were largerwithin GB relative to controls. Legal C. fuscus were more abundant in shallow areas of GBindicating that spear fishing influences local depth distributions. Surprisingly, meandensities of legal-sized ‘mobile’ Acanthopagrus australis were 2.6-times higher in CTBrelative to controls, with a similar trend for GB, and for Girella tricuspidata in CTB.Response of ‘mobile’ species to protection was indicative of pre-existing differencesbetween MPAs and controls, immigration rather than recruitment of fish, and/orintraspecific variation in movement. The lack of detectable effect for all other species anddifferential response between MPAs were attributed to mobility relative to the scale ofMPAs, inadequate protection of habitats or depths, population recovery time, and partialprotection versus 'no-take' status of MPAs. Overall results emphasise that small MPAs canhave significant ecological value, even for highly mobile species. Importantly, as MPAsbecome smaller their location relative to habitat and depth, local aggregations, recruitment'hotspots', adjacent habitats, and existing fishing pressure is critical in determiningresponses and rates of recovery.Microsatellite markers were developed to provide information on population connectivity atscales ≤ 400 km for reef fishes with low (Parma microlepis) and high post-settlementdispersal capabilities (G. tricuspidata). It was hypothesized that P. microlepis would exhibitspatial genetic structure and a significant pattern of isolation-by-distance (IBD) at thesescales, whereas G. tricuspidata would not. Genetic differentiation at seven microsatelliteloci in P. microlepis, and six loci in G. tricuspidata were examined across multiple spatialscales. P. microlepis was collected from; sites (separated by 1-2 km), nested withinlocations (separated by 10-50 km), nested within three regions (separated by 70-80 km).G. tricuspidata were collected from a subset of the locations sampled for P. microlepis.This included five locations (separated by 50-60 km) spanning three sampling regions(separated by 70-100 km). There was no evidence that post-settlement dispersal capabilitiesinfluenced genetic structure. Broad-scale genetic homogeneity and lack of IBD was wellsupported for both species. The proportion of the total genetic variation attributable todifferences among sampling regions, locations or sites was effectively zero (e.g. ΦPT ≤0.003 and RST ≤ 0.004). The geographic distribution of genetic diversity and the highpolymorphism (P. microlepis, HE 0.21-0.95; G. tricuspidata, HE 0.65-0.97) was indicativeof high mutation rates, large effective population sizes, and high rates of gene flow. Genetichomogeneity for fishes and invertebrates in central NSW suggests that gene flow importantto genetic structure is driven by factors influencing pre-settlement dispersal such as the EastAustralian Current (EAC) and habitat continuity. Thus, genetic homogeneity is likely inother exploited reef fishes in this region which have similar pre-settlement durations (≥ 2weeks). Scales of genetic homogeneity may not reflect demographically relevant dispersaldistances. However, it does imply that populations of P. microlepis and G. tricuspidata arewell connected from an evolutionary perspective and have large effective population sizes.This reduces the genetic risks associated with natural or anthropogenic declines in localpopulations. Furthermore, genetic diversity across spatial scales ≤ 400 km could beconserved within small MPAs as 99-100% of the total genetic variation for both specieswas represented within 1-2 km of reef. Future studies using genetics to determinepopulation connectivity of reef fishes in central NSW should focus on species with very lowdispersal capabilities, small population sizes, short life spans, and whose habitats are rare orpatchily distributed along-shore.The use of otolith chemistry as a natural tag requires the presence of differences in theaquatic environment that translate into differences in otolith chemistry. Consequently, moststudies focus on populations distributed across large environmental gradients and spatialscales. This study examined spatial variation in otolith chemistry of the territorialdamselfish P. microlepis at fine spatial scales in an exclusively marine environment.Solution-based inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to measure theintegrated otolith chemistry of individual fish, reflective of average environmentaldifferences among regions (separated by 70-80 km), locations within regions (separated by10-50 km), and between sites within locations (separated by 1-2 km). Mean concentrationsof Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, Cu/Ca, and Zn/Ca and multi-element signatures variedamong regions, locations and sites. Fine scale differences accounted for the majority of thevariability in the data and there was a trend for unique chemistries at some sites andlocations. Multi-element signatures were good spatial discriminators, with 75-80% of fishcorrectly classified to the regions in which they were collected. It was difficult to establishsimple causal relationships for variation in individual elements. However, regional multielementsignatures were highly correlated with the behaviour of the EAC which deliverswater masses varying in chemistry, temperature and salinity to the different regions. Resultsdemonstrate that the magnitude of environmental variability within open coastal regionssuch as central NSW facilitates the use of otolith chemistry for determining populationconnectivity of reef fishes at scales < 100's km.The thesis provides clear implications for management of reef fishes in central NSW,testable hypotheses, and priorities for future research. Overall results demonstrate theecological value of small MPAs for protecting reef fishes of varying mobility, as well aspopulation genetic diversity representative of broader-spatial scales. The determination ofscales of 'spillover' of eggs, larvae and adults remains the greatest challenge. This studysuggests that levels of gene flow will limit the utility of microsatellite markers for providinginformation on population connectivity for most reef fishes in central NSW. Given this, acombination of otolith chemistry, artificial tags, and modelling are the most promisingtechniques for future studies. Such studies should focus on species which demonstratedlocalised responses to MPA (e.g. C. fuscus, G. tricuspidata, and A. australis)." @default.
• W31265743 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W31265743 creator A5008648949 @default.
• W31265743 date "2007-10-01" @default.
• W31265743 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W31265743 title "Estimating dispersal and population connectivity fortemperate reef fishes at multiple spatial scales" @default.
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