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• W3126778994 abstract "Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules earlier known only for their role in digestion but more recently found to be critically involved in intraorgan and interorgan signaling.1Li T. Apte U. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in cholestasis, inflammation, and cancer.Adv Pharmacol. 2015; 74: 263-302Crossref PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar Their role in establishing communication between organs, such as liver, gut, heart, and brain, has been well documented.2Zhou H. Hylemon P.B. Bile acids are nutrient signaling hormones.Steroids. 2014; 86: 62-68Crossref PubMed Scopus (181) Google Scholar,3Chiang J.Y. Bile acid regulation of hepatic physiology: III. Bile acids and nuclear receptors.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003; 284: G349-G356Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar Increases in bile acid levels are generally injurious to health. Particularly, chronic bile acid elevation leads to liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma.4Sun L. Beggs K. Borude P. Edwards G. Bhushan B. Walesky C. Roy N. Manley Jr, M.W. Gunewardena S. O'Neil M. Li H. Apte U. Bile acids promote diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma via increased inflammatory signaling.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016; 311: G91-G104Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar However, at normal levels, bile acids play a major role in maintaining gut health and regulating liver regeneration.5Bhushan B. Borude P. Edwards G. Walesky C. Cleveland J. Li F. Ma X. Apte U. Role of bile acids in liver injury and regeneration following acetaminophen overdose.Am J Pathol. 2013; 183: 1518-1526Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar Autophagy is a cellular recycling process that can reuse cellular macromolecules.6Ravanan P. Srikumar I.F. Talwar P. Autophagy: the spotlight for cellular stress responses.Life Sci. 2017; 188: 53-67Crossref PubMed Scopus (331) Google Scholar Maintaining autophagic flux is critical for cellular function and dysregulation of autophagy is involved in pathogenesis of several diseases that share inflammation and tissue injury as common features.7Dikic I. Elazar Z. Mechanism and medical implications of mammalian autophagy.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2018; 19: 349-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (1144) Google Scholar In the liver, autophagy plays a role in liver injury, regeneration, prevention of metabolic diseases, and its dysregulation leads to liver cancer.8Yin X.M. Ding W.X. Gao W. Autophagy in the liver.Hepatology. 2008; 47: 1773-1785Crossref PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar However, the role of autophagy in interorgan signaling, such as the gut-liver axis, which is a critical feature of physiology and pathology, is not known. In this issue of the Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yan et al9Yan S. Khambu B. Chen X. Dong Z. Guo G. Yin X.M. Hepatic autophagy deficiency remodels gut microbiota for an adaptive protection via FGF15-FGFR4 signaling.Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021; 11: 973-997Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (8) Google Scholar demonstrate that bile acids are the connecting link between hepatic autophagy and gut microbiota. In these studies conducted using Atg5 null mice (Atg5-/-), the authors demonstrate that disruption of autophagy in the hepatocytes results in changes in bile acid levels and composition, which in turn affect the gut microbiome. Alterations in the gut microbiome result in hyperactivation of bile acid–induced FXR signaling in ilial epithelial cells causing significantly higher FGF15 levels. Yan et al9Yan S. Khambu B. Chen X. Dong Z. Guo G. Yin X.M. Hepatic autophagy deficiency remodels gut microbiota for an adaptive protection via FGF15-FGFR4 signaling.Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021; 11: 973-997Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (8) Google Scholar further showed that antibiotics-mediated decrease in gut microbiome or reduction of bile acids using bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine resulted in decreased FGF15 levels. Reduction in FGF-15 levels cause an increased injury in the Atg5-/- mice, highlighting the protective role of FGF15 in autophagy-deficient mice. The interesting part is that the Atg5-/- mice exhibited specific change in bile acids composition favoring growth of gut microbes that in turn affected secondary metabolism of bile acids by reducing levels of conjugated bile acids and increase in unconjugated bile acids. Increased unconjugated bile acids drive ilial FXR activation to induce FGF15 production, which is hepatoprotective because studies using antibiotic treatment or bile acid sequestration in the Atg5-/- mice reduce FGF15 and increase liver injury. Overall, these studies have identified an interesting adaptive mechanism in autophagy-deficient Atg5-/- mice that protects them from ongoing liver injury. These findings raise further questions, both mechanistic and those related to clinical application. It is not clear, for instance, why lack of autophagy results in a specific change in bile acid composition. Furthermore, how different bile acids actually dictate gut microbiome composition was also not addressed. However, the data indicate that loss of hepatic autophagy tries to self-correct the damage by using bile acids as signals to change the gut microbiome and induce FGF15, which are hepatoprotective. This publication contributes to the mechanistic understanding of the role autophagy in chronic liver diseases, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, where a significant change in the gut microbiome is observed. Observations by Yan et al9Yan S. Khambu B. Chen X. Dong Z. Guo G. Yin X.M. Hepatic autophagy deficiency remodels gut microbiota for an adaptive protection via FGF15-FGFR4 signaling.Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021; 11: 973-997Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (8) Google Scholar argue that changes in the gut microbiome could be a protective adaptive mechanism brought about by alerted bile acid levels and composition. The notion that dysregulation in autophagy could be responsible for such change is interesting and innovative. Hepatic Autophagy Deficiency Remodels Gut Microbiota for Adaptive Protection via FGF15-FGFR4 SignalingCellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyVol. 11Issue 4PreviewThe functions of the liver and the intestine are closely tied in both physiological and pathologic conditions. The gut microbiota (GM) often cause deleterious effects during hepatic pathogenesis. Autophagy is essential for liver homeostasis, but the impact of hepatic autophagy function on liver-gut interaction remains unknown. Here we investigated the effect of hepatic autophagy deficiency (Atg5Δhep) on GM and in turn the effect of GM on the liver pathology. Full-Text PDF Open Access" @default.
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• W3126778994 title "Bile Acids: Connecting Link Between Autophagy and Gut Microbiome" @default.
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