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• W3133720935 endingPage "470" @default.
• W3133720935 startingPage "457" @default.
• W3133720935 abstract "A major challenge to Darwinian evolution is to explain 'rudimentary' organs. This dilemma is especially relevant to birds: rudimentary wings occur in fossils, as well as in developing, molting, and flight-impaired birds. Many studies show that immature birds flap their small, incipient wings to improve locomotion as they acquire flight capacity. Although similarly small wings occur in secondarily or temporarily flight-impaired birds, their role in locomotion has not been well studied. Integrating studies on these different groups of birds demonstrates that rudimentary wings are ubiquitous across the avian clade, and that wings wax and wane on multiple timescales. Rudimentary wings improve locomotion and enhance survival during this process. Although our understanding is still in its infancy, rudimentary structures may play important roles in many animal groups, both extant and long extinct. A major challenge to Darwinian evolution is explaining 'rudimentary' organs. This is particularly relevant to birds: rudimentary wings occur in fossils, as well as in developing, molting, and flight-impaired birds. Evidence shows that young birds flap small wings to improve locomotion and transition to flight. Although small wings also occur in adults, their potential role in locomotion is rarely considered. Here we describe the prevalence of rudimentary wings in extant birds, and how wings wax and wane on many timescales. This waxing and waning is integral to the avian clade and offers a rich arena for exploring links between form, function, performance, behavior, ecology, and evolution. Although our understanding is nascent, birds clearly show that rudimentary structures can enhance performance and survival. A major challenge to Darwinian evolution is explaining 'rudimentary' organs. This is particularly relevant to birds: rudimentary wings occur in fossils, as well as in developing, molting, and flight-impaired birds. Evidence shows that young birds flap small wings to improve locomotion and transition to flight. Although small wings also occur in adults, their potential role in locomotion is rarely considered. Here we describe the prevalence of rudimentary wings in extant birds, and how wings wax and wane on many timescales. This waxing and waning is integral to the avian clade and offers a rich arena for exploring links between form, function, performance, behavior, ecology, and evolution. Although our understanding is nascent, birds clearly show that rudimentary structures can enhance performance and survival. a genus of feathered theropod from the late Jurassic (~150 million years ago) Solnhofen Limestone of Germany. It was originally found as a single feather but is now known from 12 specimens; one of the earliest theropods with bird-like wings. the term is used here informally to refer to extant or recently extinct birds (Neornithes: Neognathae + Palaeognathae). seasonal feather loss and renewal. In sequential molt, flight feathers are shed and regrown one at a time, or a few at a time. In simultaneous (also known as synchronous) molt, all, or nearly all, flight feathers are shed simultaneously. the growth and development of an organism. retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood (decreased growth and development compared with the ancestral condition), as a result of delayed onset (postdisplacement), slower rates (neoteny), or a reduced ontogenetic period (progenesis). increased growth and development compared with the ancestral condition as a result of earlier onset (predisplacement), faster rates (acceleration), or an extended ontogenetic period (hypermorphosis). the capacity to develop mechanical work per second (or any unit of time) relative to body mass; a high power-to-mass ratio equates to swift and maneuverable locomotion. an incipient forelimb apparatus with a wing-like architecture. structures that are small or simple compared with the maximal size or complexity observed among adults or relatives. These include (i) incipient, developing structures in juveniles (e.g., growing wings); (ii) incipient, evolving structures in extinct animals (e.g., protowings of fossils); and (iii) secondarily or temporarily reduced structures in adults (e.g., vestigial wings, molting wings) (after Mivart 1871 [1.Mivart S.G.J. On the Genesis of Species. Appleton, 1871Crossref Google Scholar]). birds that have lost the ability to fly over evolutionary time (their ancestors once possessed flight capacity). birds that have a reduced ability to fly compared with the ancestral condition. a group that includes extant birds and the lineage of extinct theropod dinosaurs that gave rise to them. a compromise between structures, conditions, or strategies in which one state increases at the expense of another. to decrease in relative size and/or complexity; in this case, a decrease in relative wing investment during development, molt, or evolution. to increase in relative size and/or complexity; in this case, an increase in relative wing investment during development, molt recovery, or evolution. a locomotor behavior in which wings are flapped to increase foot traction while ascending steep inclines; WAIR is particularly important for birds with developing or proportionally small wings (high wing loadings). locomotor behaviors involving the coactivation of hind limbs and winged forelimbs (rudimentary or fully formed wings); these include wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) or walking (a slower version of WAIR), wing-assisted jumping – launching from a terrestrial or arboreal substrate with assistance from flapping wings, and steaming – using the feet as paddles and the wings as oars to swim; steaming is commonplace in aquatic birds." @default.
• W3133720935 created "2021-03-15" @default.
• W3133720935 creator A5056401336 @default.
• W3133720935 creator A5068456141 @default.
• W3133720935 date "2021-05-01" @default.
• W3133720935 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3133720935 title "Waxing and Waning of Wings" @default.
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