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• W3134783566 abstract "Parasites do not read legal documents. They cannot distinguish between animals or animal products that are traded with or without permits. Bezerra-Santos et al. [ 1. Bezerra-Santos M.A. et al. Illegal wildlife trade: a gateway to zoonotic infectious diseases. Trends Parasitol. 2021; 37: 181-184 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar ] discussed the potential risks that the illegal wildlife trade has on the spreading and emergence of zoonotic pathogens. They highlight open wildlife (‘wet’) markets, the illegal transport of wildlife or their derivatives, as well as the illegal importation of exotic pets and the risk of zoonotic pathogens in the spread and introduction of diseases. While they do note that the concerns related to the transmission of zoonotic pathogens and the introduction of exotic infectious agents into a new region may also be applied to the legal wildlife trade, I argue here that the majority of their concerns are applicable to both legal and illegal wildlife trade. Given that, in many instances, the legal wildlife trade is several orders of magnitude larger than the illegal trade (Box 1) it is ineffective and possibly dangerous to focus on the illegal wildlife trade only. Box 1Live Wildlife Imported into the USAThe USA is one of the three largest importers of wildlife, alongside the EU and China. Despite this, with few exceptions, it has no laws specifically requiring disease surveillance for imported wildlife. Taxa that are tested – as they could present a significant public health concern – include certain salamanders and rodents, primates, and bats. So the vast majority of nondomesticated animals entering the country are not tested. In recent years the US Fish and Wildlife Services inspected over 150 000 shipments of wildlife a year (live, dead, and derivatives), resulting in ~10 000 investigative cases being opened (~85% because of suspected violation of the Endangered Species Act and the Lacy Act)iii. While this is an impressive number, the legal import of live animals into the USA, primarily from Asia, numbers in the tens of millions annually [ 8. Eskew E.A. et al. United States wildlife and wildlife product imports from 2000–2014. Sci. Data. 2020; 7: 22 Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar ], including: Molluscs: 1.75 million Fish: 40.43 million Amphibians: 1.02 million Reptiles: 0.27 million Mammals: 0.96 million Birds: 0.63 million Miscellaneous (mixed species): 0.60 million The USA is one of the three largest importers of wildlife, alongside the EU and China. Despite this, with few exceptions, it has no laws specifically requiring disease surveillance for imported wildlife. Taxa that are tested – as they could present a significant public health concern – include certain salamanders and rodents, primates, and bats. So the vast majority of nondomesticated animals entering the country are not tested. In recent years the US Fish and Wildlife Services inspected over 150 000 shipments of wildlife a year (live, dead, and derivatives), resulting in ~10 000 investigative cases being opened (~85% because of suspected violation of the Endangered Species Act and the Lacy Act)iii. While this is an impressive number, the legal import of live animals into the USA, primarily from Asia, numbers in the tens of millions annually [ 8. Eskew E.A. et al. United States wildlife and wildlife product imports from 2000–2014. Sci. Data. 2020; 7: 22 Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar ], including: Molluscs: 1.75 million Fish: 40.43 million Amphibians: 1.02 million Reptiles: 0.27 million Mammals: 0.96 million Birds: 0.63 million Miscellaneous (mixed species): 0.60 million Illegal Wildlife Trade: A Gateway to Zoonotic Infectious DiseasesBezerra-Santos et al.Trends in ParasitologyJanuary 13, 2021In BriefThe illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is a criminal practice bringing several ecological and public health consequences, such as the spreading of zoonotic pathogens and/or the introduction of exotic species of animals into new geographical areas. Here, we discuss potential risks of IWT on the spreading and emergence of zoonotic pathogens. Full-Text PDF Legal versus Illegal Wildlife Trade: Zoonotic Disease RisksBezerra-Santos et al.Trends in ParasitologyFebruary 26, 2021In BriefA forum article aiming to stimulate discussions on the risks of introduction and spreading of infectious diseases through the illegal wildlife trade (IWT) has been recently published [1]. A letter by Nijman [2] argued that the majority of the concerns raised in that article (e.g., illegal trade in wet markets, illegal transport of wildlife or their derivatives, illegal importation of exotic pets) apply also to the legal wildlife trade. Though we recognize that it may be risky to emphasize the IWT only, the legal trade, by definition, should be under regulatory laws to reduce the risk of pathogen spread and disease introduction. Full-Text PDF" @default.
• W3134783566 created "2021-03-15" @default.
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• W3134783566 date "2021-05-01" @default.
• W3134783566 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W3134783566 title "Illegal and Legal Wildlife Trade Spreads Zoonotic Diseases" @default.
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• W3134783566 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2021.02.001" @default.
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