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• W3136133027 abstract "We published a meta-analysis which considered the strength of the current evidence for restricting dietary potassium in chronic kidney disease (CKD).1Morris A. Krishnan N. Kimani P.K. Lycett D. Effect of dietary potassium restriction on serum potassium, disease progression, and mortality in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Ren Nutr. 2020; 30: 276-285Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar We thank Visser et al.2Visser W.J. Gritter M. Hoorn E J. Dietary Potassium in Chronic Kidney Disease: Do Not Restrict the Evidence.J Ren Nutr. 2021; 31: 552-553Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (2) Google Scholar for their comments and for taking the time to pay such close attention to our results. We have reviewed our analysis in light of these and have found 2 errors. The labeling of the forest plots (Figs. 3 and 4) is incorrect, “Favors no restriction” should be “Favors restriction” and vice versa. In our meta-analysis, we inserted a negative figure, when it should have been positive in Noori et al.3Noori N. Kalantar-Zadeh K. Kovesdy C.P. et al.Dietary potassium intake and mortality in long-term hemodialysis patients.Am J Kidney Dis. 2010; 56: 338-347Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar (Fig. 4). We apologize for these errors and wish to publish the corrigendum in this issue. In response to Visser et al., further comments are detailed below: Visser et al. questioned the exclusion of 2 observational studies4Araki S. Haneda M. Koya D. et al.Urinary potassium excretion and renal and cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes and normal renal function.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10: 2152-2158Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar,5Smyth A. Dunkler D. Gao P. et al.The relationship between estimated sodium and potassium excretion and subsequent renal outcomes.Kidney Int. 2014; 86: 1205-1212Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (111) Google Scholar which reported higher urinary potassium was associated with reduced CKD progression.4Araki S. Haneda M. Koya D. et al.Urinary potassium excretion and renal and cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes and normal renal function.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10: 2152-2158Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar,5Smyth A. Dunkler D. Gao P. et al.The relationship between estimated sodium and potassium excretion and subsequent renal outcomes.Kidney Int. 2014; 86: 1205-1212Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (111) Google Scholar Araki et al.4Araki S. Haneda M. Koya D. et al.Urinary potassium excretion and renal and cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes and normal renal function.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10: 2152-2158Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar and Smyth et al.5Smyth A. Dunkler D. Gao P. et al.The relationship between estimated sodium and potassium excretion and subsequent renal outcomes.Kidney Int. 2014; 86: 1205-1212Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (111) Google Scholar met our inclusion criteria but were both excluded as it was impossible to separate those with and without CKD in their cohorts. In Araki et al. study, the mean (standard deviation) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 89 (19) and median (interquartile range) urine albumin excretion rate (AER) was 12 μg/min (6-29). Converted to AER (mg/24 hours) this is 17.28 mg/24 hours (8.64-41.76) (by converting μg to mg per minute and then to 24 hours) meaning that there was a mixed sample of people with AER <30 mg/24 hours and therefore no CKD, as well as those with AER >30 mg/24 hours and therefore with CKD in the same cohort. Results for the CKD proportion of the cohort alone were not available. It was similar for Smyth et al. as the baseline cohort had people with CKD and no CKD based on the overall cohort of n = 28,879 who had a mean eGFR 68.4 (17.6) and a mean urinary albumin to creatinine ratio 5.33 mg/g (24.21) which is less than 30 mg/g, which is the threshold for diagnosis in those with eGFR ≥ 60.6Levin A. Stevens P.E. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward.Kidney Int. 2014; Jan 1; 85: 49-61Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (491) Google Scholar Visser et al. suggested that the relationship between dietary and serum potassium was overestimated from the RCTs. They also stated dietary potassium intakes were not a realistic reflection of current recommendations and also questioned why studies using spot urine analysis and food record charts were excluded. We searched for a direct effect of restricting dietary potassium on serum potassium which is the rationale underpinning practice. Three RCTs met our inclusion criteria. The ClinicalTrials.gov registered RCT (NCT00949585) comparing outcomes in people with CKD Stage 3 on 40 mmol/day or 100 mmol/day potassium diets was excluded as we could not obtain data from a publication or on request from the principal investigator. We therefore considered whether to combine 2 RCTs due to the differences between both interventions and timescales; however, decided to combine them as both restricted dietary potassium in CKD. In Arnold et al. study,7Arnold R. Pianta T.J. Pussell B.A. et al.Randomized, controlled trial of the effect of dietary potassium restriction on nerve function in CKD.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017; 12: 1569-1577Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar we took the baseline to the first data point (6 months) which was as close to the 3 weeks in Cockram et al.8Cockram D.B. Hensley M.K. Rodriguez M. et al.Safety and tolerance of medical nutritional products as sole sources of nutrition in people on hemodialysis.J Ren Nutr. 1998; 8: 25-33Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar for comparison. It did not seem appropriate to compare 3 weeks with 24 months. We stated that these intakes were not in any way representative of current recommendations or actual intakes in free living individuals with CKD.1Morris A. Krishnan N. Kimani P.K. Lycett D. Effect of dietary potassium restriction on serum potassium, disease progression, and mortality in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Ren Nutr. 2020; 30: 276-285Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar No included studies undertook spot urine analysis. Dietary potassium intakes from food record charts were included, for example, Noori et al.3Noori N. Kalantar-Zadeh K. Kovesdy C.P. et al.Dietary potassium intake and mortality in long-term hemodialysis patients.Am J Kidney Dis. 2010; 56: 338-347Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar We acknowledged that numerous biases existed in these RCTs.1Morris A. Krishnan N. Kimani P.K. Lycett D. Effect of dietary potassium restriction on serum potassium, disease progression, and mortality in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Ren Nutr. 2020; 30: 276-285Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar We therefore downgraded Arnold et al. and Cockram et al. twice to very low GRADE quality evidence which implied that the true effect of dietary restrictions is probably markedly different from our point estimate of −0.22 mEq/L (−0.33, −0.10). This suggests that there may be less of an effect of dietary restrictions in a well-controlled trial given that the upper confidence interval was −0.10 mEq/L: the effect Visser et al. judged realistic. However, the direction of the effect also suggests that a well-controlled clinical trial, with realistic intakes of dietary potassium, may show a greater reduction of serum potassium from baseline compared to our estimated −0.22 mEq/L mean difference. We conclude that high-quality evidence is still needed to support the dietary management of serum potassium in CKD. Dietary Potassium in Chronic Kidney Disease: Do Not Restrict the EvidenceJournal of Renal NutritionVol. 31Issue 6PreviewWith interest we read the systematic review and meta-analysis by Morris et al.1 which concluded that dietary potassium (K+) restriction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a 0.22 mEq/L decrease in serum K+ and 40% lower mortality hazard, but not with progression of CKD. However, we would like to raise 2 points of concern, including (1) a discrepancy between the results of the meta-analyses and the original studies and (2) an overestimation of the effect of dietary K+ restriction on serum K+. Full-Text PDF" @default.
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• W3136133027 title "Dietary Potassium in Chronic Kidney Disease: High Quality Evidence Is Still Needed" @default.
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