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• W313640814 abstract "Critical thinking will often put us at odds with most of humanity. But there are advantages. WE HAD TO KEEP our dog, Prince, confined, because he would viciously attack any stranger who carried a large bag. Apparently, before we adopted him as a grown dog, he'd had an unfortunate encounter with someone who carried a large bag. To Prince, anyone with a large bag was an enemy. His animal nervous system was not capable of discriminating between bag carrie[r.sub.1], bag carrie[r.sub.2], .... bag carrie[r.sub.n]. Prince's program read: BAG CARRIER ... ATTACK! Prince had developed what became known as a conditioned reflex, following the classic animal experiments of Ivan Pavlov. It was not Prince's fault; he had no choice. He behaved like an animal. The same applies to the cat who once having sat on a red-hot stove would never sit on it again, even when it was cold. That cat behaved like an animal. For a dramatic display of programmed combative behavior, place a male Beta (Siamese fighting fish) into a tank with another male. Prepare to remove it quickly, for the result is deadly and entirely predictable. The colors of both deepen to remarkable hues. Then they assume a fighting stance, circle briefly, spar, and tear into each other until one has killed the other. The Beta has absolutely no choice. He too behaves according to a program--this one innate, rather than conditioned. Herein lies the potential difference between a human being and an animal. A human has the ability to reason, to reflect, to become aware of the process of abstraction; the animal lacks this ability. A human possesses a quarter inch of cerebral cortex that makes all the difference. A human knows that bag carrie[r.sub.1] is not bag carrie[r.sub.2] or, rather more accurately put, he has the potential to know that they are not the same. A human can feel free to sit on a cold stove even though he (for he read she) once might have been burned by a hot one. A man need not feel compelled to attack every other man on sight. We humans have the ability to act rationally and to think independently. When we use this gift we behave like intelligent human beings. When we ignore it we animals in our nervous reactions, as Korzybski would often say. Thus we relinquish our humanity. We trade our birthright for a mess of pottage. Undelayed, kneejerk responses to words and other symbols have come to be known as signal reactions. When we react signally to a label we exhibit a conditioned reflex of the type Pavlov elicited from his dogs. There is no actual, necessary connection between a symbol and its referent (that which it stands for). The word is not the thing; the map is not the territory; etc. As S.I. Hayakawa said, we can put up a sign that says FREE BEER HERE when there is no free beer here. Signal reactions among humans are not uncommon. In extreme cases some people literally cannot hear the word snake or spider without growing faint. Many apparently cannot hear words such as Democrat, Republican, Black, liberal, conservative, gay, lesbian, etc., without strong emotional responses; i.e., signal reactions. In a human being such behavior suggests a neuro-semantic disturbance and may indicate a need for therapy. It would appear that some individuals think of themselves first as a label and then behave accordingly. When a man tells me that he is a Democrat and therefore believes that ... (whatever), he is telling me that he has unthinkingly forfeited much of his birthright as a human being. If a woman sincerely tells me that she is a Republican and thus believes that ... (whatever), she is telling me that she has given up her ability to think independently. The same applies to most labels. For the sake of our sanity, if we would make maximum use of our human potential rather than copy animals, we need to develop conditional responses, not conditioned reflexes to symbols. …" @default.
• W313640814 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W313640814 date "2004-07-01" @default.
• W313640814 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W313640814 title "Free Beer Here" @default.
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