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• W3138536418 abstract "Introduction Transitions through life stages can be a vulnerable time for mental health, and this may lead to a change in the way people use substances. Extensive research has explored retirement, the most common life transition for older adults, and its effect on wellbeing and physical health. However, less research exists concerning the role retirement may play in the use of substances among older adults. This topic has been previously examined in two review articles with broad inclusion criteria and inconsistent results. This review attempts to update and expand on previous literature by only including studies that report on “old-age” retirement (excluding those who retired due to disability), and report on clear measures of substance use quantity or a validated screening tool for substance use disorder both before and after retirement for the same population. Methods A literature search for peer-reviewed publications identified 14 studies published between 2000 and 2019 which met inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was not carried out given heterogeneity across studies, instead a narrative synthesis was employed. Results Of 1,246 studies identified for review, 14 were included, all of which assessed alcohol use. No studies meeting diagnostic criteria were identified that assessed the use of opiates or benzodiazepines prior to and after non-disability retirement. Of the 14 studies analyzed, 4 indicated an increase in alcohol use, risky drinking, or problems related to alcohol use, 1 study indicated a decrease in problems related to alcohol use, and 3 studies indicated no change in alcohol use. 6 studies showed mixed results, indicating different trends for different cohorts, such as men vs. women. The majority of these findings were not reported to be statistically significant. Various risk-factors were identified for increased alcohol use after retirement, including high levels of stress in job prior to retirement (2 studies), involuntary retirement (1 study), poor sleep (1 study), and positive belief about the effect of alcohol (1 study). Increased quantity of alcohol consumption on drinking occasions was a concerning pattern that emerged for recent retirees (3 studies). Conclusions Although findings from the identified studies are inconsistent and contradictory, several risk factors were identified, including increased stress at job before retirement, involuntary retirement, and sleep problems after retirement. The analysis also calls attention to a trend of increased quantity of alcohol consumption on drinking occasions. These findings have implications for providers as they counsel adults on the transition to retirement and screen for substance use disorders during this time. The lack of studies about benzodiazepine and opiate use during transition to retirement is notable, and given the increase in use of these substances among older adults, further research in this area would be beneficial. Transitions through life stages can be a vulnerable time for mental health, and this may lead to a change in the way people use substances. Extensive research has explored retirement, the most common life transition for older adults, and its effect on wellbeing and physical health. However, less research exists concerning the role retirement may play in the use of substances among older adults. This topic has been previously examined in two review articles with broad inclusion criteria and inconsistent results. This review attempts to update and expand on previous literature by only including studies that report on “old-age” retirement (excluding those who retired due to disability), and report on clear measures of substance use quantity or a validated screening tool for substance use disorder both before and after retirement for the same population. A literature search for peer-reviewed publications identified 14 studies published between 2000 and 2019 which met inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was not carried out given heterogeneity across studies, instead a narrative synthesis was employed. Of 1,246 studies identified for review, 14 were included, all of which assessed alcohol use. No studies meeting diagnostic criteria were identified that assessed the use of opiates or benzodiazepines prior to and after non-disability retirement. Of the 14 studies analyzed, 4 indicated an increase in alcohol use, risky drinking, or problems related to alcohol use, 1 study indicated a decrease in problems related to alcohol use, and 3 studies indicated no change in alcohol use. 6 studies showed mixed results, indicating different trends for different cohorts, such as men vs. women. The majority of these findings were not reported to be statistically significant. Various risk-factors were identified for increased alcohol use after retirement, including high levels of stress in job prior to retirement (2 studies), involuntary retirement (1 study), poor sleep (1 study), and positive belief about the effect of alcohol (1 study). Increased quantity of alcohol consumption on drinking occasions was a concerning pattern that emerged for recent retirees (3 studies). Although findings from the identified studies are inconsistent and contradictory, several risk factors were identified, including increased stress at job before retirement, involuntary retirement, and sleep problems after retirement. The analysis also calls attention to a trend of increased quantity of alcohol consumption on drinking occasions. These findings have implications for providers as they counsel adults on the transition to retirement and screen for substance use disorders during this time. The lack of studies about benzodiazepine and opiate use during transition to retirement is notable, and given the increase in use of these substances among older adults, further research in this area would be beneficial." @default.
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• W3138536418 date "2021-04-01" @default.
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• W3138536418 title "The Effect of Retirement on Older Adults’ Substance use, an Update and Expansion to the Literature" @default.
• W3138536418 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.01.094" @default.
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