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• W3140595748 abstract "We reviewed the distribution, functions, phylogeny, diversity, and spatial and temporal variation of Wolbachia. Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited bacteria and widely found in reproductive tissues of arthropods. Systematic surveys of Wolbachia distribution and diversity are now possible using PCR-based methodologies. The 16S rDNA and ftsZ studies have provided a number of useful molecular tools for such surveys. A survey of Panamanian rainforest insects and the members of two temperate host-parasitoid food webs detected Wolbachia strains in 18.6% of species sampled, with a corresponding figure of 17.9% for Hymenoptera. So far, Wolbachia has been detected in 31 genera and 70 species of parasitic Hymenoptera, as well as in three dipteran parasitoids. Estimates of prevalence in different parasitoid taxa or assemblages yield an overall mean of 26%. However, it should be borne in mind that these surveys inevitably underestimate the number of species that harbor Wolbachia. The number of known infected species has been increasing rapidly each year but the limits of distribution for this bacterial group are yet unknown. Wolbachia have evolved various mechanisms for manipulating reproduction of their hosts to enhance their transmission, including induction of reproductive incompatibility, parthenogenesis, and genetic male feminization. Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is a reproductive incompatibility between sperm and egg. They are chiefly transmitted in eggs. CI takes two forms, unidirectional and bidirectional. But the biochemical mechanisms of CI still remain unknown. The presence of CI was confirmed by mating experiments with the small brown planthoppers, Laodelphax striatellus Fallen from six locations in China and one from Japan. A number of factors including bacterial strain, host genotype and bacterial density can interact with each other in complex ways to influence strength and direction of CI. Parthenogensis induction (PI)-Wolbachia cause thelytoky in arrhenotokous parasitoids by generating diploid (rather than haploid) unfertilized wasp eggs. It occurs because in the first mitotic division the chromosomes condense properly in prophase but fail to segregate in metaphase, resulting in diploidization of the nucleus. Antibiotic curing and heat treatment (>30 ℃) can reverse to male production with elimination of the bacteria. And the relative fitness of infected and unifected hosts is important to the population dynamics of PI Wolbachia. Female sex determination in the woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare is frequently under the control of feminizing parasitic sex factors (PSF), one of these PSF is intracytoplasmic Wolbachia bacteria (F), while the other (f) is suspected of being an F-bacteral DNA sequence unstably intergrated into the host genome. In most wild populations harboring PSF, all individuals are genetic males (ZZ), and female phenotypes occur only due to the presence of PSF which overrides the male determinant carried by the Z chromosome. There is a conflict between these PSF and a dominant autosomal masculinizing gene (M) on phenotypes. The M gene is able to override the feminizing effect of the f sex factor but it can not restore male sex when competing with the F bacteria. Maximum parsimony analysis of the nearly full-length sequence of Wolbachia pipientis from Culex pipiens tissue, aligned with representative eubacteria, revealed that W. pipientis is situated in the α-subdivision of the Proteobacteria. The genus Wolbachia as currently defined is polyphyletic. From the comparison of the sequence of W. persica and W. pipientis, it is clear that the two bacteria are not closely related. Wolbachia persica, the only other member of the genus Wolbachia, belongs to the γ-subdivision of the Proteobacteria. The ftsZ study for 38 different Wolbachia strains from 33 host species uncovered considerable variation among Wolbachia strains. There are two major subdivisions, A and B. At the same time, the ftsZ phylogeny shows horizontal transmission of Wolbachia, especially A-division strain. And horizontal transmission has also been detected in B-Wolbachia. In Japan, Wolbachia infection rate of the southwestern population L. striatellus is higher than that of the northeastern populations, while in population which originated from the boundary regions between the southwestern and northeastern populations, the infected and unifected cytotype coexisted. Between 1984 and 1994 there were four additional fully infected populations (URW, KNS, TKS and UCH). Some populations (YIT, KRY, SDI) have been changed from the unifected to the partly infected state, with infection rates being 93%, 33% and 8%, respectively. The only purely unifected population was FRK. Therefore SDI and FRK might be in the early stage of Wolbachia sweep into the populations. The direction of Wolbachia infected planthoppers populations is broadly the same to that of the long distance migration of planthoppers. This review shows that significant advances have been made in the study of these interesting microorganisms. Future research directions of these microorganisms were also discussed." @default.
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• W3140595748 date "2002-01-01" @default.
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• W3140595748 title "Progress in the Studies of Insect Symbiont Wolbachia" @default.
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