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• W3142525863 abstract "mmunology was born as the study of the organism’s defense with the devel-opment of vaccination by the English physician Edward Jenner in 1796. It inaugurated a whole new way of looking at medical and biological phenomena, and culminated at the end of the 19th century with Pasteur’s microbiological revolution. It introduced to the scienti!c-medical world the idea that speci!c infectious agents are the causes of speci!c diseases, and later, with Paul Ehrlich’s concept of ‘magic bullets’, promised that certain substances would be capable of inhibiting those speci!c disease agents. led to the hugely bene!cial techno-logical development of immunobiological substances and techniques, like vaccines, antibiotics, serotherapy, immunological diagnostics, monoclonal antibodies, and, in more recent years, synthetic therapeu -tic molecules [1]. However, applying these scienti!c advances to the !eld of public health remains a challenge. Our new immunological therapeutic and diagnostic tools are complex, expen -sive, and inaccessible to many patients, who in the case of Rio de Janeiro still su#er from extreme poverty, unemploy-ment, unclean water (30% of Rio’s popula -tion lack basic sanitation, as does most of the world’s population), extreme violence, and increased prevalence of infectious and chronic degenerative diseases. All these are recognized as the social determinants of health [2]. situation re$ects a pro -found scienti!c dilemma and calls for a change in perspective. We work as if the immune system was separated from the organism as a whole, and the organism separated from its family, community and society. limited, non-contextual view represents the conventional view of immunity. It asserts that the function of the immune system is to defend the organ -ism against invading infectious agents, and when the defense mechanisms are turned against the organism itself, autoim -mune and allergic diseases occur. It fails to see other major functions of the immune system and a system integrating develop -mental and environmental information. However, within the !eld of immunology, many scientists, including Nobel Prize winner Niels Jerne, have shown that the immune system actually performs these other functions, integrating the organ-ism’s physiology [3] through a network of antibodies that bind antibodies, that bind antibodies [4]. e immune system plays a major role in tissue regeneration, cellular di#erentiation, blood $ux, diet assimila-tion in the gut, and symbiotic interactions with the native microbiome. ese studies show that the immune system is deeply a#ected by the overall physiological and psychological state of the organism and its microbiome, and this in turn is intimately connected to the mode of living, family and community life. ese relations are mediated through epigenetic mechanisms that can have long-term, even trans-gen-erational e#ects. We now know that immunological defects are related to oligoclonal expan-sions of lymphocytes that appear in infectious and in allergic and autoim-mune diseases. Oligoclonal expansions of lymphocytes have been shown to be consistently associated with epigenetic mechanisms, which in turn are a#ected by the environmental-social context in which organisms live [5]. ese links enable the necessary dialogue between science and public medicine. rough the encounter between immu -nology, cellular and molecular biology on the one hand and socioeconomic deter-minants of health through community and family medicine on the other, we can restore the lost link between immunology and society. I argue that a radical extension and reformulation in immunology’s basic tenets is necessary. We need this change in perspective to increase the e%ciency of medical and immunological strategies in the population through new public health strategies that improve the quality of medi -cal practices and make good use of public resources." @default.
• W3142525863 created "2021-04-13" @default.
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• W3142525863 date "2013-10-01" @default.
• W3142525863 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W3142525863 title "Immunology, science and public health: the lost link." @default.
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