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- W3143133049 abstract "TO R A L L Y D I S C U S S I O N Reading, fifty years after the end of W o r l d War Two, the articles i n Places 9.3 in which planners and architects are exploring their roles i n dealing Joyce Earley Lyndon w i t h the crises ahead — social, economic, environmental — recalls the architects i n Britain during and after the war, working outside their traditional role; their versatility; their capacity for sustained hard work under pressure; their immense contribution to reconstruction. T h e Depression of the Thirties had shaken Britain. M a n y people had been unemployed. Farmers, using sustainable practices learned from experience and tradition, could not compete w i t h cheap, imported food; some o f the best land was disappearing under motorways and the factories o f new, footloose, light industries. T h e British i n 1939 were resolutely pacifist. September 1939. Hitler's troops, having taken Czechoslovakia, invaded Poland, bombed Warsaw. Britain declared war. M e n and women joined the armed forces. Factories changed to war production. Complexes to make war material, w i t h houses for workers, were being built by contractors i n remote countryside. Everyone did a full-time job plus volunteer work. Everyone had a ration book for food and clothing, a gas mask and an identity card. (Ships bringing essential supplies were being sunk by the enemy.) T h e country was divided into 12 regions, w i t h offices o f the central government i n the regional capitals, and a commissioner w i t h executive powers, so that i f London's W h i t e h a l l were bombed out, the planning o f food, labor, fuel, power, transport, supplies, trade and information would continue. Regional officers exchanged information, went regularly to L o n d o n to meet the headquarters staff and colleagues from other regions. T h e y were also i n close contact w i t h local administrations i n their cities and counties. A basic principle o f sustainability was being observed: Everything connected. May 1940. Bombing raids began on L o n d o n for fifty seven consecutive nights. W h e n the rubble was cleared, there were acres o f open space patterned by street lines in the City o f London, the East End and the Docklands. T h e n provincial cities were bombed, the rail networks, the cathe dral cities and the western ports. W h e n the raids stopped i n June 1941, 3.5 m i l l i o n houses had been damaged or destroyed. T h e British government realized that after the war Britain would have to rebuild its economy in radically different conditions. People's lives would be very different, city governments prepar ing development plans would need regular infor mation on national policy; planning of cities and counties would have to be coordinated. Under the 1932 Town Planning Act, covering areas ripe for development adjacent to built-up areas only, planning had been a minor activity o f local government, generally i n the departments of the city engineer or surveyor. N o w a planning system covering all land was needed. September 194.2. A new planning ministry was set up i n London with offices in the 12 regional capitals. T h e number of experienced planners needed to meet the sudden demand was inadequate, but architects were available. W i l l i a m Holford, a South African architect who had been leading technical teams on factory construction, became Chief Tech nical Planner at the Ministry in Whitehall, with a multi-disciplinary staff. I n die Bristol Region, probably typical, an experienced surveyor-planner supervised a staff of five, with three architects. I n die Bristol City Engineer's office, ordinance survey maps (the standard map to be used for planning across the country) were being updated by a team of seven, — a retired O.S. surveyor, a mining engi neer, two local architects, an artist, a planning stu dent and a bomb disposal officer who, when called to a job, shook hands, half-joking, all round and was cheered on his return. 1944. Beginning in June, Hitler's Flying Bombs harassed southeast England; beginning in Sep tember, V2 rockets attacked, the whining scream of their travel arriving after the explosion. T h o u sands were killed and many more buildings were P L A C E S l 0 : 3" @default.
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