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• W3143966473 abstract "This dissertation consists of three essays in the area of Law and Economics. The first essay explores the effect of judicial discretion on racial disparities in federal sentencing after the Federal Sentencing Guidelines were struck down in United States v. Booker (2005). Using data on the universe of federal defendants, I find that black defendants are sentenced to almost two months more in prison compared to their white counterparts, a 4% increase. To identify the sources of racial disparities, I construct a dataset linking judges to over 400,000 defendants. Exploiting the random assignment of cases to judges, I find that racial disparities are greater among judges appointed after Booker. Prosecutors also respond to increased judicial discretion by charging black defendants with longer mandatory minimums. The second essay estimates the impact of increased judicial discretion on inter-judge disparities, another potential source of unwarranted disparity in the federal criminal justice system. Relying on the random assignment of cases to judges, I find that inter-judge disparities have increased significantly after the Guidelines became advisory using a random effects model. A defendant who is randomly assigned a one standard deviation “harsher” judge in the district court received a 2.6 month longer prison sentence before Booker, but received a 5.3 month longer sentence following Booker. The third essay analyzes the differential impact of state versus federal regulation of OSHA programs on the use of traditional enforcement tools, nonfatal injury rates and fatalities, as well as wages and employment. I find that certification of a state regulated OSHA program leads to an increased use of inspections per capita and issuance of violations per capita. State regulated programs that adopted stringent standards beyond the federal program are associated with significantly lower fatalities, compared to all other states. A case study on the 2000 California penalty reform reveals that greater magnitude of sanctions and prosecution are potentially effective enforcement tools in promoting greater workplace safety and reducing fatalities. Finally, I find that there is a compensating differential for workplace safety." @default.
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• W3143966473 date "2013-10-08" @default.
• W3143966473 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W3143966473 title "Essays in Law and Economics" @default.
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