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• W3145536714 abstract "Posture consists of all the musculoskeletal and sensorimotor components involved in controlling the goals of postural equilibrium and spatial orientation. Postural equilibrium involves balancing all the forces acting on the body such that it tends to stay in a desired position or moves in a controlled way. Spatial orientation involves interpretation of sensory information from various sources for a congruent representation of body position with reference to its environment as well as the appropriate positioning of body segments relative to each other and to the environment. To accomplish task goals that require stability and a particular orientation, the constraints of the musculoskeletal system interact with neural control systems involved in multijoint coordination, sensory orientation, and environmental adaptation. Posture is not a static state but a dynamic interaction among many contextand taskspecific automatic neural behaviors. Postural adaptation allows changes in postural behavior so that it is optimized for changes in environmental contexts, particular tasks, and subjects' intentions (Horak 1994, 1996). Coordination of body segments for control of dynamic equilibrium include energy-efficient movement strategies to control the many degrees of freedom involved in whole-body stabilization. A postural movement strategy is the behavioral solution to particular context, task, and intention. Biomechanical constraints inherent in the musculoskeletal system limit the potential movement strategies available for moving body segments for control of equilibrium. Equilibrium in stance involves controlling the position of the body's Center of Mass (CoM) over its limits of stability (Horak and Macpherson 1996). In free stance, the limits of stability consist of the base of foot support but also depends on the range of joint motion and muscle strength and stiffness. When the body is supported, or in contact with stable objects, the base of support includes the external support, changing how the center of body mass can be moved while maintaining stability (McCollum and Leen 1989). The nervous system must adapt to such changes in base of support and initial position as well as to the gradual changes in the mass, strength, and stiffness of segments which occur with development through the lifespan. Coordination of the head with the trunk and legs is particularly important for posture control since the head houses important sensors (vestibular, vision, and neck) for detecting and controlling body motion and balance. Postural orientation involves interpreting information from the somatosensory, vestibular, and visual systems to determine body alignment, motion, and relative stability. Sensory information cannot be used directly for postural control, without multisensory interpretation, because there is no direct mapping of body CoM and because the body is multi segmented such that sensory reference frames can be altered by changes in body position. For example, turning the head on the body during sway in stance must involve reinterpretation of visual and vestibular information relative to center of body mass motion (Nashner and Wolfson 1974; Lund and Broberg 1983). Multiple channels of informa-" @default.
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• W3145536714 date "2011-01-01" @default.
• W3145536714 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3145536714 title "Postural Adaptation for Altered Environments, Tasks, and Intentions" @default.
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