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• W3146275718 abstract "B. Modern Departures from the Original Understanding Let us begin with the World II internment of Japanese American citizens. It is important here to put aside issues of race, which have nated the critical discourse surrounding this historic episode. (637) With the outbreak of war, the military forcibly removed thousands of American citizens of Japanese descent fro m their homes and transported the m to relocation ca mps for long term preventive detention. Camp residents could not leave with out the prior per mission of the military authority. (638) These actions were all taken based on unsubstantiated and generalized suspicions of disloyalty. Congress had not suspended the privilege in the relevant geographic area (the western states); instead, the m ass detentions occurred pursuant to military orders and an expansive vision of the government's war powers. (639) Determining the lawfulness of the detention of Japanese Americans during this period does not present a hard question. Recall the Jacobite sympathizers who were feared to be plotting William's undoing during his struggles to retain the throne. (640) To hold such persons outside the criminal process during recurrent periods of unrest and war with France, William sought (and often received) from Parliament a suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. The very purpose of those suspensions was to relieve the Crown for a time from having to proceed against such persons on charges of treason or other crimes and to empower it to detain free from judicial interference. The parallels between the plight of the Japanese Americans during World II and of the Jacobite sympathizers during William's reign are substantial--indeed, it is hard to see any basis for distinguishing one from the other. Put most simply, the World II detention of Japanese Americans on the West Coast stands entirely at odds with everything the Founders thought they were accomplishing in adopting the Suspension Clause. (641) This explanation reveals why, during this period, a military lawyer in the Hawaiian Territory counseled his superiors it was only in the Territory, where martial law and a suspension prevailed, that internment of citizens is possible. (642) The same conclusion may be drawn with respect to Congress's authorization of preventive detentions under the Emergency Detention Act, (643) as discussed above in Part I, as well as Senator McCain's recent proposal, which essentially would revive Act. Both purport to authorize by or dinary legislation (in contrast to a suspension) the detention of American citizens on American soil based solely on subversive and suspicious activities--namely, acts suggested ties to communism during the McCarthy era or acts today suggest ties to terrorism. Again, the entire history of the Suspension Clause--whether concerning the Jacobite sympathizers, rebellious colonists fighting for independence, disaffected colonists aiding the British, or persons supporting the Confederacy in the Civil War--tells a story in which a valid suspension was required to accomplish this end. Finally, there is the so-called War on Terror. There is, at the outset, serious de bate over whether this episode really should be labeled a war or whether it is better viewed as something else. (644) In the case of Jos Padilla, the government sought to treat him as a wartime enemy despite the fact Padilla was a citizen who was arrested on American soil. After detaining Padilla briefly as a material witness, the government then held him in military confinement with out criminal charges for over three years based o n the President's untested assertion Padilla was working with al Qaeda and he was planning to detonate a dirty bomb. There was, however, no easy argument for tying Padilla's case to a particular conflict of international character. (645) As a conceptual matter, however one labels the struggle against terrorism, Padilla's case stands no differently from the examples already discussed in this section. …" @default.
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• W3146275718 date "2011-01-01" @default.
• W3146275718 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3146275718 title "The Forgotten Core Meaning of the Suspension Clause" @default.
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