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• W3147542811 abstract "(Accepted 19 September 2005, first published online 17 November 2005)SUMMARYWe conducted a case-control study to assess risk factors for typhoid fever in Diyarbakir, Turkey,a region where transmission of Salmonella typhi is endemic. We prospectively identified febrilepatients from Diyarbakir and the surrounding area who were admitted to hospital. Cases weredefined as patients who had S. typhi isolated from at least one blood culture. Sixty-four caseswith blood culture-confirmed S. typhi were identified between May 2001 and May 2003. In total,128 age- and sex-matched controls selected from neighbourhoods as cases were enrolled. Wehypothesized that consumption of raw vegetables contaminated with sewage would be associatedwith an increased risk of typhoid fever. Conditional logistic regression modelling revealed thatliving in a crowded household (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.58–6.92, P=0.002), eating cig kofte(a traditional raw food) (OR 5.29, 95% CI 2.20–12.69, P=0.000) and lettuce salad (OR 3.55,95% CI 1.52–8.28, P=0.003) in the 15 days prior to symptoms onset was independentlyassociated with typhoid fever. We conclude that living in a crowded household and consumptionof raw vegetables outside the home increase the risk of typhoid fever in this region.INTRODUCTIONTyphoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonellatyphi, is an important global health problem. It isestimated that 16 million cases occur annuallyworldwide [1, 2]. Endemic in countries where there isneither a safe water supply nor adequate sanitation[3, 4], S. typhi is spread through faecal contaminationof water and food [5–7]. Typhoid fever is a particu-larly serious public health problem in southeastTurkey, where 10000 patients are diagnosed annuallywith this condition [8].Despite the large public health burden, few reportsexist about risk factors for transmission of typhoidfever in endemic areas [6,9–12]. Most epidemiologicalinvestigationsofS.typhitransmissionwereconductedduring acute typhoid fever outbreaks [13]. Amongother factors, these studies have identified foodhandlers as an important source of transmission inoutbreaks [14, 15]. However, given the limitedgeneralizability of data derived from outbreaks, itis important to understand the risks for endemictransmission.At Dicle University Hospital in southeast Turkey,5% of all positive blood cultures are of S. typhi [16]." @default.
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• W3147542811 title "Risk factors for typhoid fever among adult patients in Diyarbakir, Turkey" @default.
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