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• W3149586146 abstract "Economic development in Tibetan China over the past two decades has brought Tibetans and non-Tibetans into the most extensive direct contact in history. The process began in the 1980s and accelerated during the 1990s with increasingly large state-led investment in the region. The Great Western Development Campaign, launched in 2000, sought to further the integration of China's western regions through even larger investments in infrastructure and communications.' As a result, non-Tibetan migrants in search of higher-paid jobs have poured into urban Tibetan areas on an unprecedented scale.' More recently, economic migrants have been joined by China's mobile middle classes. Rapid developments in transport and communications, coupled with government policies promoting leisure and consumer spending, have triggered a boom in domestic tourism.^ Since the 1990s, millions of newly wealthy Chinese from the east have visited Tibetan areas for the first time. Tourism's westward expansion poses a set of interesting challenges for ethnic identity formation and ethnic relations in China. On the one hand, tourism is a force for consolidating nationai unity. Expanding in concert with infrastructure and markets, domestic tourism provides a vehicle for the government to explore the boundaries of the nation and tame the periphery—a civilizing project by which frontier peoples become incorporated into the nation.•* Indeed, government policies and tourism marketing in China are designed to reinforce the concept of unity among China's 56 nationalities—55 of which are minorities. The peoples and destinations are marketed as China's cultural treasures and the people as Chinese ethnic groups. Tibet, for example, is commonly referred to as China's Tibet (Zhongguo de Xizang). Not surprisingly, many of the early studies of ethnic tourism in China interpreted tourism as a mechanism for reinforcing rigid ethnic hierarchies.' Inspired by official Chinese discourse, a number of studies examined the way minority cultures were represented in Images of an idealized Tibet as a place of natural and spiritual purity seem to have replaced earlier images of backwardness and uncleanness, and appeal to members of China's new middle class looking for escape from the competition and congestion of their urban working Hves. mainstream education, media, and film. Drawing on theories of internal orientalism, much of this Englishlanguage literature argued that the commodification of ethnic minorities for tourist consumption reinforced patterns of domination by the Han Chinese, who make up 92% of the population. According to the orientalist logic, tourism allows ethnic minorities to be exploited at the hands of urban elites who control the distribution of capital. Ethnic minorities merely periorni iheir cultural heritage in a way that reinforces their inferior or backward status.' ' A number of studies have shown that many books, novels, and films do tend to depict ethnic minorities— Tibetans included—as primitive in comparison to the more civilized Han Chinese. But there are also interesting differences in the way different ethnic minorities are represented in China. Minorities in the tropical regions of southwest China are frequently represented by nonthreatening feminine images, whereas minority cultures such as Tibetans, Mongols, and other groups from the steppe with a history of threatening the Chinese interior are more often portrayed as masculine and aggressive.'The different representations probably reflect historical relations between the Chinese heartlands and the periphery. The lands of China have been conquered numerous times by the peoples of the steppe—Tibetan, Mongol, and Manchu. In spite of these lingering stereotypes, it is remarkable how fast stereotypes are changing in contemporary and evolving China. Information now comes from more sources, and people are generally better-educated and freer to travel. In fact, as I have been visiting China since the early 1990s, 1 have noticed a considerable rise in interest in all things Tibetan. Mainstream Chinese film directors have produced a number of romanticized documentaries and feature films about Tibet for Han audiences; Tibetan pop stars have also broken into the mainstream music industry. Images of an idealized Tibet as a place of natural and spiritual purity seem" @default.
• W3149586146 created "2021-04-13" @default.
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• W3149586146 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W3149586146 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3149586146 title "Ethnic Tourism and Ethnic Politics in Tibetan China" @default.
• W3149586146 hasPublicationYear "2009" @default.
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