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• W3154182491 abstract "Bush frogs of the genus Philautus are a species-rich group of the Asian tree frogs Rhacophoridae, which are known for their diverse reproductive biology. Within Philautus, reproduction has been described via endotrophic tadpoles and by direct terrestrial development. Here, we provide results of phylogenetic analyses based on the most comprehensive sampling of Bornean Philautus to date. As a result of an integrative taxonomic study using mitochondrial and nuclear markers, along with morphological and bioacoustic data, we describe a spectacular new species of this genus from the island of Borneo. The ecology of the new species of Philautus is closely associated with the carnivorous pitcher plant, Nepenthes mollis. The unusually large eggs are laid in the fluid of the pitcher and the endotrophic tadpoles, characterized by reduced mouthparts, small oral orifice and large intestinal yolk mass, complete their development in this environment. Molecular data and synapomorphic larval characters support the sister group relationship of the new species to P. macroscelis: both belong to the early diverged lineages in the Philautus tree, whose phylogenetic relationships could not be fully resolved. The new record of endotrophic tadpoles challenges again the hypothesis that terrestrial direct development is the plesiomorphic mode in this genus. Further, we discuss the nature of the frog-plant interaction that could represent a new case of mutualism. The frog provides the plant with a source of nitrogen by depositing yolk-rich eggs in the liquid of the pitcher. The plant, on the other hand, offers an exclusively protected space for the development of tadpoles in a habitat that otherwise has few permanent bodies of water and many competing frog species. Die artenreiche Gattung Philautus gehört zu den Ruderfröschen (Rhacophoridae), die für ihre vielfältige Fortpflanzungsbiologie bekannt sind. Innerhalb von Philautus wurde bisher die Fortpflanzung mit endotrophen Kaulquappen und durch Direktentwicklung an Landnachgewiesen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit stellen wir die Ergebnisse phylogenetischer Analysen vor, die auf dem bisher umfangreichsten Sample von Philautus von der Insel Borneo basieren. Als Ergebnis dieser integrativen taxonomischen Studie unter Verwendung mitochondrialer und nukleärer Marker, in Kombination mit morphologischen und bioakustischen Daten, beschreiben wir eine spektakuläre neue Art dieser Gattung. Die Ökologie dieser Art ist eng mit der fleischfressenden Kannenpflanze Nepenthes mollis verbunden. Die ungewöhnlich großen Eier werden in der Flüssigkeit der Kannenpflanze abgelegt. Die endotrophen Kaulquappen, die durch ein reduziertesMundfeld, eine kleine Mundöffnung und eine große Dottermasse im Darm gekennzeichnet sind, vollenden ihre Entwicklung in den Kannen. Molekulare Daten und synapomorphe larvale Merkmale unterstützen die Schwestergruppenbeziehung der neuen Art zu P. macroscelis: beide gehören zu den basalen Linien in der Gattung Philautus, deren phylogenetische Beziehungen allerdings nicht vollständig aufgelöst werden konnten. Der neue Nachweis von endotrophen Kaulquappen bei Philautus stellt erneut die Hypothese in Frage, dass Direktentwicklung der plesiomorphe Fortpflanzungsmodus in dieser Gattung ist. Weiterhin diskutieren wir die Art der Frosch-Pflanze-Interaktion, die einen neuen Fall von Mutualismus darstellen könnte. Der Frosch bietet der Pflanze eine Stickstoffquelle, indem er dotterreiche Eier in der Flüssigkeit der Kanne ablegt. Die Pflanze wiederum liefert einen exklusiven, geschützten Raum für die Entwicklung der Kaulquappen in einem Habitat, das ansonsten wenige permanente Gewässer und viele konkurrierende Froscharten aufweist. The data that support the findings of this study are openly available. DNA sequences are available in GenBank at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/, the accession numbers for all sequences used in this study are listed in Appendix 1. References for the sequences obtained from GenBank can be found below. Alignments in fasta file format and the call recording is available in the Data S1 of this original article. Darst, C. R., & Cannatella, D. C. (2004). Novel relationships among hyloid frogs inferred from 12S and 16S mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31(2), 462–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2003.09.003 Dehling, J. M., & Dehling, D. M. (2013). A new montane species of Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from western Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo. Zootaxa, 3686(2), 277. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.2.8 Dehling, J. M., Matsui, M., & Imbun, P. Y. (2016). A new small montane species of Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Gunung Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo). Salamandra, 52, 77–90. Gonzalez, P., Su, Y. C., Siler, C. D., Barley, A. J., Sanguila, M. B., Diesmos, A. C., & Brown, R. M. (2014). Archipelago colonization by ecologically dissimilar amphibians: Evaluating the expectation of common evolutionary history of geographical diffusion in co-distributed rainforest tree frogs in islands of Southeast Asia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 72, 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.12.006 Haas, A., Hertwig, S. T., Braskamp, E., Dehling, J., Min, P. Y., Jankowski, A., Schweizer, M. & Das, I. (2012). Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo). Zootaxa, 3328, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3328.1.1 Hertwig, S. T., Das, I., Schweizer, M., Brown, R., & Haas, A. (2011). Phylogenetic relationships of the Rhacophorus everetti-group and implications for the evolution of reproductive modes in Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae): Evolution of Sundaland Bush Frogs. Zoologica Scripta, 41(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00499.x Hertwig, S. T., Lilje, K. E., Pui, Y. M., Haas, A., & Das, I. (2012). Molecular evidence for direct development in the rhacophorid frog, Philautus acutus (Rhacophoridae, Anura) from Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 60(2). Hertwig, S. T., Schweizer, M., Das, I., & Haas, A. (2013). Diversification in a biodiversity hotspot–The evolution of Southeast Asian rhacophorid tree frogs on Borneo (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 68(3), 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.001 Matsui, M., Shimada, T., & Sudin, A. (2014). First record of the tree-frog genus Chiromantis from Borneo with the description of a new species (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae). Zoological science, 31(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.31.45 Meegaskumbura, M., Meegaskumbura, S., Bowatte, G., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R., Hanken, J., & Schneider, C. (2011). Taruga (Anura: Rhacophoridae), a new genus of foam-nesting tree frogs endemic to Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences), 39(2), 75–94. Wilkinson, J. A., Drewes, R. C., & Tatum, O. L. (2002). A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family Rhacophoridae with an emphasis on the Asian and African genera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 24(2), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00212-9 Wostl, E., Riyanto, A., Hamidy, A., Kurniawan, N., Smith, E. N., & Harvey, M. B. (2017). A taxonomic revision of the Philautus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) of Sumatra with the description of four new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31(1), 98–141. https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-16-00007 Table S1. Partitions of the nuclear (nuDNA), mitochondrial (mtDNA) and combined data set (combDNA) used in Baysian Inference analyses. The search for the best fitting partitioning. Figure S1. ML Reference tree fromthe16S rRNA gene analysis based on 873 bp to confirm species identification and matching of the tadpoles samples. Only robustly supported nodes. Figure S2. Bayesian Inference (BI) tree from nuclear DNA analysis (nuDNA; NTF3, POMC; BDNF) based on 1,770 bp. Figure S3. Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree from nuclear DNA analysis (nuDNA; NTF3; POMC; BDNF) based on 1,770 bp. Figure S4. Bayesian Inference (BI) tree from mitochondrial DNA analysis (mtDNA; 12S-Val-16S; CytB) based on 2,609 bp. Figure S5. Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree from mitochondrial DNA analysis (mtDNA; 12S-Val-16S; CytB) based on 2,609 bp. Figure S6. Magnified interorbital of Philautus nepenthophilus paratype NMBE 1073588 in preserved condition with visible white keratinous tubercles taken with a calibrated Leica DFC420 camera on a Leica MZ16 Stereomicroscope with motor focus. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article." @default.
• W3154182491 created "2021-04-26" @default.
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• W3154182491 date "2021-04-16" @default.
• W3154182491 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W3154182491 title "Out of the trap: A new phytothelm‐breeding species of<i>Philautus</i>and an updated phylogeny of Bornean bush frogs (Anura: Rhacophoridae)" @default.
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