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• W315440905 abstract "Identifying Cultural Opportunities for Insurgency RECENTLY, GENERAL DAVID Petraeus said, core of any counterinsurgency strategy must focus on the fact that the decisive terrain is the human terrain, not the high ground or river crossing.' While this statement is clearly true, we must deepen our understanding to identify the high ground of that human terrain. Only after identifying and establishing control of this key human terrain will we be able to achieve the population influence required for successful counterinsurgency. The occurrence of insurgencies has been described as a function of and opportunity.2 Specifically, cultural motives can contribute to the causes of an insurgency. Eliminating these cultural motives for insurgency is the oft-espoused objective of the military's cultural training and analysis. But this training and analysis must also account for the opportunities required for an insurgency to occur. Just as a physical terrain analysis is used to identify key terrain on the battlefield, an analysis of cultural opportunities for insurgency can be used to identify the key human terrain. An understanding of operational culture can support identification and control of this human high ground. References to the role of culture in counterinsurgency are often used in the context of how populations are impacted by the counterinsurgent's operations. The common logic of this approach is that a counterinsurgent who fails to understand the local culture may conduct his mission in a manner that violates a local custom or taboo. The result of this violation may be that the counterinsurgent's efforts are viewed as illegitimate and result in rebellion against him.3 The counterinsurgent has inadvertently sparked new motives for insurgency. In response to this dynamic, cultural analysis and training can limit these violations and reduce local resistance. While this removal of motive has obvious merit, identifying and eliminating a motive for behavior may be more difficult than simply eliminating the opportunity for that behavior.4 For example, the looting after the fall of Baghdad was not necessarily the result of a new motive, but a new opportunity allowed by the decrease in law and order. In general, we must distinguish between criminal or insurgent activity that is in response to a new motive and that which is merely the response to a new opportunity. Since opportunities are more readily reduced than motives, understanding cultural opportunities for insurgency should take precedence over cultural motives during our cultural training and analysis.5 Since insurgents are often locally or regionally based, their initial levels of cultural understanding undoubtedly add to their overall advantage.6 As limited resources constrain both the counterinsurgent and insurgent's use of force to establish population control, they must each identify the most culturally effective strategies. By identifying cultural opportunities for insurgency, the counterinsurgent can reduce the insurgent's information advantage and prioritize his own efforts. In its simplest form, an insurgency is a battle between the insurgent and the counterinsurgent (also referred to here as the state) for control of the population.7 Control of the population allows the state to overcome its information disadvantage while the same control allows the insurgents to overcome their force disadvantage.8 Even absent an insurgency, states are not always capable of penetrating and controlling all of their populations.9 States can have difficulty maintaining a monopoly on violence, and may not be able to displace local strongmen operating on different rules. I0 The weakness of the state provides the opportunity for resistance or insurgency. Logically, we can then assume that any element of the population not under the state's control represents a cultural opportunity for the insurgent. The counterinsurgent must understand how an insurgent can exploit this available cultural space and deny him the chance. …" @default.
• W315440905 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W315440905 date "2010-11-01" @default.
• W315440905 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W315440905 title "Controlling the Human High Ground" @default.
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