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• W3156253480 abstract "Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans. They are broadly classified as flatworms (including Cestodes and Trematodes) and roundworms (nematodes). These worms infect organs such as intestines, liver, skin, as well as other tissues. These infections are more common in underdeveloped parts of the world affecting almost one-sixth of the world population. These infections can lead to a variety of endocrine manifestations. A decreased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus has been observed in affected populations. Helminths modulate the host immunity towards a type 2 immune response which is anti-inflammatory in nature. An increase in T regulatory cells has also been seen which reduces T cell response to infections. By virtue of these changes, chronic inflammation is suppressed in adipose tissues - this phenomenon may explain the protective effect in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A reduction in insulin resistance independent of BMI has been observed in animal as well as human studies. Hepatic lipid production can be reduced by the soluble egg antigen from certain schistosomes. The immunomodulatory effects of helminth infections can also protect against autoimmune endocrine conditions such as type 1 diabetes mellitus and Graves' disease. These observations may reflect the well-known hygiene hypothesis. Thyroid nodules and hypothyroidism can occur in helminth infections. Insights into thyroid physiology, including thyroid hormone receptors and de-iodination pathways, have been obtained from studies in helminths. Certain helminth infections can impair osteoclast maturation suggesting potential implications for osteoporosis. Similarities between human and helminth bone morphogenetic protein pathways have been observed. Adrenal masses as well as adrenal insufficiency, have been observed in helminth infections. Infertility has frequently been reported with Schistosomiasis due to inflammation in the genital tracts. An estrogen like compound may be produced by schistosomes which can lead to hypogonadism in males. The helminth, Caenorhabditis elegans can serve as a model for studies on Kallman syndrome as the KAL-1 gene appears to be functionally conserved in this helminth. A reduction in IGF-1 levels may be seen in adults infected with helminths. Apart from these manifestations, novel insights regarding endocrine disease mechanisms as well endocrine physiology can be derived from studies on helminths. For complete coverage of all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our on-line FREE web-text, WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG ." @default.
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• W3156253480 date "2021-03-24" @default.
• W3156253480 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3156253480 title "Helminths and Endocrinology" @default.
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