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- W3157812995 abstract "Globally, infection by seasonal influenza viruses causes 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 290,000-650,000 respiratory deaths each year. Various influenza vaccines, including inactivated split- and subunit-type, recombinant and live attenuated vaccines, have been developed since the 1930s when it was discovered that influenza viruses could be cultivated in embryonated eggs. However, the protection rate offered by these vaccines is rather low, especially in very young children and the elderly. In this review, we describe the history of influenza vaccine development, the immune responses induced by the vaccines and the adjuvants applied. Further, we suggest future directions for improving the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in all age groups. This includes the development of an influenza vaccine that induces a balanced T helper cell type 1 and type 2 immune responses based on the understanding of the immune system, and the development of a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine that can increase effectiveness despite antigen shifts and drifts, which are characteristics of the influenza virus. A brighter future can be envisaged if the development of an adjuvant that is safe and effective is realized." @default.
- W3157812995 created "2021-05-10" @default.
- W3157812995 creator A5011900216 @default.
- W3157812995 creator A5030248700 @default.
- W3157812995 creator A5075034546 @default.
- W3157812995 creator A5076890048 @default.
- W3157812995 date "2021-05-04" @default.
- W3157812995 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W3157812995 title "Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future" @default.
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