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- W3159493213 abstract "In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of grape seeds, a lignocellulosic biomass, was carried out at various temperatures (200, 225, and 250 °C), different reaction times (6, 12, and 24 h), and different biomass:water ratios (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1). The most important parameter affecting the yields and characteristics of hydrochars was found to be temperature. The HTC of grape seeds was then conducted in the presence of metal chlorides (i.e., CsCl, ZnCl₂, and SnCl₂) at temperatures of 200, 225, and 250 °C for 12 h. SnCl₂ behaved very differently in the HTC process than the other catalysts (or no catalyst). A major difference among these catalysts was the extent to which they were incorporated within the hydrochar structure. SnCl₂ was much more readily incorporated than was CsCl or ZnCl₂. Carbon microspheres were observed in hydrochars from obtained biomass without a catalyst and with CsCl and ZnCl₂ catalysts; agglomerated carbon nanospheres were observed in hydrochars produced with SnCl₂. Hydrochars obtained at 225 and 250 °C by using SnCl₂ and ZnCl₂ catalysts were in the lignite class, while hydrochars obtained from biomass without a catalyst, and using CsCl, were in the peat coal class." @default.
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- W3159493213 date "2021-05-05" @default.
- W3159493213 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W3159493213 title "Effects of Metal Chlorides on the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Grape Seeds" @default.
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- W3159493213 doi "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00954" @default.
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