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• W3162764972 abstract "A fundamental goal of researchers has been to attain a comprehensive grasp of how plasma structure develops in the nighttime equatorial F layer. Understanding of this phenomenon, often referred to, generically, as equatorial spread F (ESF), has come largely from climatologies derived from databases compiled from satellite measurements. Indeed, climatological features have been found to depend systematically on season and longitude, and these features turn out to be durable from year to year. Moreover, perhaps most satisfying, is the finding that these features can be interpreted reasonably well in terms of existing theories. Difficulties arise, however, when the physics derived from climatology is applied to scenarios that appear over shorter timescales, such as day-to-day variability. An implication of this dilemma could be that the physics for short-term variability is being obscured by the statistical averaging used to derive climatology. Indeed, zero-mean variables could be important sources of day-to-day variability, while unimportant in a climatological description. In these situations, research must be led by observations. Toward this end, the primary objective of this chapter is to construct a working hypothesis for the ESF-generation process, which can then be tested by observations, theory, and modeling. The basis for the descriptive hypothesis is the so-called upwelling paradigm (Tsunoda, 2015). Results compiled during this review, from the ESF literature and various analyses of appropriate data sets, have been used to evaluate and revise this paradigm. These findings are discussed in this review and key questions are posed that remain to be answered." @default.
• W3162764972 created "2021-05-24" @default.
• W3162764972 creator A5031882169 @default.
• W3162764972 date "2021-03-24" @default.
• W3162764972 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3162764972 title "Observations of Equatorial Spread<i>F</i>" @default.
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