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• W3163211799 abstract "HomePlant DiseaseVol. 105, No. 11First Report of Postharvest Blue Mold Decay Caused by Penicillium expansum on Lemon (Citrus limon) Fruit in China PreviousNext DISEASE NOTE OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Postharvest Blue Mold Decay Caused by Penicillium expansum on Lemon (Citrus limon) Fruit in ChinaIbatsam Khokhar, Jianming Chen, Junhuan Wang, Yang Jia, YanChun Yan, and Irum MukhtarIbatsam Khokharhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-4936School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), PakistanGraduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, Jianming ChenInstitute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Minhou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, Junhuan WangGraduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, Yang JiaGraduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, YanChun YanGraduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, and Irum Mukhtar†Corresponding author: I. Mukhtar; E-mail Address: erumm21@yahoo.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-5821Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Minhou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author AffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Ibatsam Khokhar1 2 Jianming Chen3 Junhuan Wang2 Yang Jia2 YanChun Yan2 Irum Mukhtar3 † 1School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Pakistan 2Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 3Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Minhou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China Published Online:1 Nov 2021https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-20-2239-PDNAboutSectionsView articlePDFSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat View articleLemon (Citrus limon) is one of the most important commercial (both dried and fresh) citrus fruits in China. In the spring of 2019, postharvest blue mold decay was observed at an incidence of 3 to 5% on lemon fruit at the local markets in Beijing, China. Fruit lesions were circular, brown, soft, watery, and rapidly expanded at 25°C. To isolate the causal organism, small pieces (2 mm3) were cut from the lesions, surface sterilized for 1 min in 1.5% NaOCl, rinsed three times with sterilized water, dried with sterile filter paper, placed onto potato dextrose agar medium, and incubated at 25°C for 6 days. Eight morphologically similar single-colony fungal isolates were recovered from six lemon fruits. Colony surfaces were bluish-green on the upper surface and cream to yellow-brown one the reverse. Hyphae on colony margins were entirely subsurface and cream in color. Mycelium was highly branched, septate, and colorless, and conidiophores were 250 to 450 × 3.0 to 4.0 µm in size. Stipes of conidiophores were smooth-walled, bearing terminal penicilli, typically terverticillate or less commonly biverticillate, rami occurring singly, 16 to 23 × 3.0 to 4.0 µm, metulae in three to six, measuring 12 to 15 × 3.0 to 4.0 µm. Phialides were ampulliform to almost cylindrical, in verticils of five to eight, measuring 8 to 11 × 2.5 to 3.2 µm with collula. Conidia were smooth-walled, ellipsoidal, measuring 3.0 to 3.5 × 2.5 to 3.0 µm. According to morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Penicillium expansum (Visagie et al. 2014). For molecular identification, genomic DNA of eight fungal isolates was extracted, and regions of the beta-tubulin (TUB) and calmodulin (CAL) genes and ITS region were amplified using Bt2a/Bt2b, CAL-228F/CAL-737, and ITS1/ITS4 primers, respectively. Obtained sequences of all isolates were identical to sequences of the representative isolate YC-IK12, which was submitted in GenBank. BLAST results of YC-IK12 sequences (ITS, MT856700; TUB, MT856958; CAL, MT856959) showed 98 to 100% similarity with P. expansum accessions (NR-077154, LN896428, JX141581). For pathogenicity tests, 10 μl of conidial suspension (1.0 × 106 conidia/ml) from 7-day-old YC-IK12 culture was inoculated using a sterilized needle into the surface of each of five asymptomatic disinfected lemons. As a control, three lemons were inoculated using sterile distilled water. All inoculated lemons were placed in plastic containers and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Decay lesions, identical to the original observations, developed on all inoculated lemons, whereas control lemons remained asymptomatic. Fungus reisolated from the inoculated lemon was identified as P. expansum on the basis morphology and Bt2a/Bt2b, CAL-228F/CAL-737, and ITS1/ITS4 sequences. Previously, Penicillium spp. including P. expansum have been reported as postharvest pathogens on various Citrus spp. (Louw and Korsten 2015). However, P. digitatum has been reported on lemons, and P. expansum has been reported on stored kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta), Malus, and Pyrus species in China (Tai 1979; Wang et al. 2015). To our knowledge, this is the first report of blue mold caused by P. expansum on lemons in China.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Louw, J. P., and Korsten, L. 2015. Plant Dis. 99:21. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-14-0122-RE Link, ISI, Google ScholarTai, F. L. 1979. Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum. Science Press, Beijing, China. Google ScholarVisagie, C. M., et al. 2014. Stud. Mycol. 78:343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.001 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarWang, C. W., et al. 2015. Plant Dis. 99:1037. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-14-1274-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 105, No. 11 November 2021SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionFoliar mottling and interveinal yellowing symptoms on melon leaves in the Central Valley of California (S. Mondal et al.). Photo credit: W. M. Wintermantel. Improved wheat plant growth in Pratylenchus neglectus infested soil by applying aldicarb at the time of planting (R. W. Smiley et al.). Photo credit: R. W. Smiley. Mosaic and feathery mottle on taro foliage caused by dasheen mosaic virus (C. Escalante et al.). Photo credit: R. A. Valverde. Metrics Downloaded 730 times Article History Issue Date: 11 Jan 2022Published: 1 Nov 2021First Look: 21 May 2021Accepted: 19 May 2021 Page: 3747 Information© 2021 The American Phytopathological SocietyKeywordsblue mold decayPenicillium expansumlemonpostharvest decayterverticillateThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF download" @default.
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