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• W3164229058 abstract "Abstract: In Graham v. Florida, the U.S. Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to sentence a non-homicide juvenile offender to life in prison without parole. While states need not guarantee release to these juvenile offenders, they cannot foreclose such an outcome at the sentencing phase. Scholars have identified several long-term ramifications of Graham, including its likely influence on juvenile sentencing practices and on retributive justice theory. As yet unexamined, though, are the important and thorny legal questions that Graham raises for state judges and lawmakers in the very short term. To whom does the Graham decision apply? What is the appropriate remedy for those inmates? What affirmative obligations does the Graham decision impose upon the states? This Article endeavors to answer these and other pressing questions that confront judges and legislators today. Part I briefly describes the Graham opinion and surveys what scholars to date have identified as salient aspects of the decision. Part II seeks to provide a blueprint for lower courts and legislatures implementing the Graham decision. Specifically, it argues that: (1) Graham is retroactively applicable to all inmates who received a life-without-parole sentence for a juvenile non-homicide crime; (2) those inmates entitled to relief under Graham require effective representation at their resentencing hearings; (3) judges presiding over resentencing hearings should err in favor of rehabilitation over retribution to comport with the spirit of Graham; and (4) long-term legislative and executive action are necessary in order to make Graham's promise a reality. Finally, Part III situates Graham in the context of our nation's ongoing criminal justice failings. While the sentence challenged in Graham ought to be viewed as a symptom of such failings, the Graham decision may offer a window of hope for reform on that same front. INTRODUCTION 52 I. THE GRAHAM DECISION 55 A. The Graham Opinion 55 B. Early Graham Scholarship 61 II. IMPLEMENTING GRAHAM ON THE GROUND 64 A. Graham Applies Retroactively 64 B. Graham Requires the States to Provide Effective Representation at Resentencing Hearings 69 C. Judges Sentencing Juveniles After Graham Should Err in Favor of Rehabilitation over Retribution 72 D. Legislative and Executive Action Are Needed to Make Graham's Promise a Reality 75 1. Parole Policy 75 2. States Should Facilitate Graham's Promise Through Conditions of Confinement 78 III. GRAHAM GOING FORWARD 82 A. Graham Reflects Broader Criminal Justice Failings 82 B. Graham and Plata: The U.S. Supreme Court May Be Willing to Intervene in State Criminal Justice Matters that Are Egregious and Long-Standing 85 CONCLUSION 90 INTRODUCTION In Graham v. Florida,1 the U.S. Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to sentence a non-homicide juvenile offender to life in prison without parole.2 The Court was careful to note that [a] State is not required to guarantee eventual freedom to a juvenile offender convicted of a nonhomicide crime, but it must provide the offender with some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation. …" @default.
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• W3164229058 date "2012-03-01" @default.
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• W3164229058 title "Graham on the Ground" @default.
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