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• W3164372150 abstract "The Agrarian Ideal in Eighteenth-Century Spain MICHAEL R. WEISSER From El Cid to El Caudillo, the land question has been a critical issue in the history and society of Spain. The country was forged in the great struggle known as the Reconquest, a seven-hundred-year process of occu­ pation and resettlement of land wrested from the Moors. By the time it was completed, the social structures, economic relationships, and politi­ cal tensions revolving around the land tenure patterns of the Reconquest experience would vitally affect every aspect of Spanish history thereafter.1 Even an event as recent as the 1936-39 Civil War had its origins in an un­ solved land question easily traceable back to the Reconquest era.2 A sense of the importance, the uniqueness, of the tierra of Spain perme­ ates every aspect of the national consciousness and culture. It is therefore not surprising that critics and scholars have correctly recognized the strength and depth of the rustic tradition in cultural expressions from the Golden to the Modern Age.3 Yet insofar as the bucolic ideal can be identi­ fied as an important and almost necessary element in the culture of every Western society,4 for Spain the question has even more serious implica­ tions. During the eighteenth century, Spanish agrarian reformers pro­ duced the first objective and modern assessments of the land question, analyses that would continue to influence ideas about agrarian reform down to the present day. These eighteenth-century works were motivated by contemporary intellectual currents and fell directly within the general Enlightenment sense of agrarian affairs. Yet scholars have overlooked a critical difference between Spanish writers and other European thinkers 381 382 / WEISSER of the period. While the Spanish school was modern in the eighteenthcentury sense, it nonetheless postulated an old-fashioned view of agricul­ ture based upon a traditional set of values that reflected the maintenance of social ideals from a much earlier era. These ideals reflected the vi­ brancy of a cultural motif whose basic elements were grounded in a ro­ mantic notion of the historical development of the country during its early period. The inability of eighteenth-century Spanish intellectuals to break free from the subjective impressions of their own past would fundamen­ tally affect the spirit and shape of contemporary and future agrarian re­ form ideas. Theories of agrarian reform notwithstanding, contemporary observers were first of all united in their reactions to the pathetic reality of the agrarian sector. Nobody travelled through the peninsula without remark­ ing upon the untilled fields, broken-down shacks, and unrelieved poverty that were so abundant in the rural zone. One voyager commented: The peasants live, as is well known, without meat, without fish, without wheat bread and even without a drop of wine.5 Travelling through the Rioja region, a government minister saw only waste land, completely de­ populated, not one village all the way to the horizon; a great region of un­ cultivated land.6 In Valencia, a traveller remarked that the village of Pina is the perfect image of poverty and misery; it contains 60 residents and its houses, miserable shacks, are all falling down or in ruins. Together they present the bare skeleton of a settlement.7 In other words, objective circumstances that transcended intellectual considerations existed in Spain and forced reformers and government au­ thorities to face the necessity of redressing the woeful conditions of the underdeveloped rural zone. But agrarian reform was also at the top of Eu­ rope's intellectual agenda during the eighteenth century.8 Reform in this instance meant amelioration, moderating the abuses of the Old Regime by restricting aristocratic privileges of entail and reorganizing land tenure structures for the possibilities of enclosure and unrestricted private use.9 Freedom of ownership and freedom of commerce were the cornerstones of economic doctrine during the eighteenth century, notions exemplified by the writings of Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. These ideas were certainly known in Spain at the time when Smith published his great work in 1776. In fact, a decade earlier King Carlos III had given into the suasions of informed opinion and lifted controls on grain prices, thus end­ ing most restraints..." @default.
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• W3164372150 date "1982-01-01" @default.
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• W3164372150 title "The Agrarian Ideal in Eighteenth-Century Spain" @default.
• W3164372150 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.1982.0021" @default.
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