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- W3167479230 endingPage "6297" @default.
- W3167479230 startingPage "6297" @default.
- W3167479230 abstract "Metformin (MTF) is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The euglycemic effect of MTF is due to the inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Literature reports that the principal molecular mechanism of MTF is the activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) due to the decrement of ATP intracellular content consequent to the inhibition of Complex I, although this effect is obtained only at millimolar concentrations. Conversely, micromolar MTF seems to activate the mitochondrial electron transport chain, increasing ATP production and limiting oxidative stress. This evidence sustains the idea that MTF exerts a hormetic effect based on its concentration in the target tissue. Therefore, in this review we describe the effects of MTF on T2DM on the principal target organs, such as liver, gut, adipose tissue, endothelium, heart, and skeletal muscle. In particular, data indicate that all organs, except the gut, accumulate MTF in the micromolar range when administered in therapeutic doses, unmasking molecular mechanisms that do not depend on Complex I inhibition." @default.
- W3167479230 created "2021-06-22" @default.
- W3167479230 creator A5022404146 @default.
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- W3167479230 creator A5081002776 @default.
- W3167479230 creator A5085337719 @default.
- W3167479230 creator A5088426732 @default.
- W3167479230 date "2021-06-11" @default.
- W3167479230 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W3167479230 title "The Hormetic Effect of Metformin: “Less Is More”?" @default.
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