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- W3171982099 abstract "Pipelines were first built in the late 1800s to transport low-Btu coal gas through cast ironand lead pipes for street lighting. Long-distance, high-pressure pipelines began operating in theUnited States in 1891. Pipelines are the most common, and usually the most economic, deliverysystem tu transport gas from the field tu the consumer. Pipelines are a fixed, long-terminvestment that can be uneconomic for smaller and more remote gas fields. The volume of gasthat can be transported in a pipeline depends on two main factors, which are the pipelineoperating pressure and pipe diameter. The maximum diameter of pipelines continues to increaseevery few years. As diameters of 48 inch become common, the industry may be approaching thepractical limit to onshore pipelines. In order to handle the increasing demand, it is likely thatoperating pressures will increase rather than the size of the pipe. Most transmission pipelinesoperate at pressures of more than 60 bar, and some operate as high as 125 bar. In order tomaintain a high operating pressure, compressors maintain the pressure of gas, and depending onthe length of the pipeline and the topography, may be installed at intervals of 150 km to 200 km.Increasing pressure requires larger and thicker pipes, larger compressors, and higher safetystandards, all of which substantially increase the capital and operating expenses of a system. Thegas industry uses an interesting unit to measure pipeline costs, dollars per inch per kilometer($/in.-km), measuring the cost of l-in. diameter per kilometer length. This cost has come down,more substantially in offshore pipes where larger diameter and longer distance pipelines areproposed. By some estimates, the cost of offshore lines has reduced from more than$100,000/in.-km to around $25,000 to $40,000/in.-km. Thus, a 400-km, 48-in. line would costaround $480 million to $770 million today, versus double that amount 20 years ago. The risingcost of steel, accounting for 45% of the cost of a typical pjpeline, has offset some of the gains inpipe construction and fabrication costs." @default.
- W3171982099 created "2021-06-22" @default.
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- W3171982099 date "2011-04-01" @default.
- W3171982099 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W3171982099 title "OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN" @default.
- W3171982099 hasPublicationYear "2011" @default.
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