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• W317280511 abstract "Today's Gnawa trace their ancestry to various parts of sub-Saharan Africa, and claim Sidi Bilal, the first black Slave to convert to Islam and Mohammed's first muezzin, as their patron saint. They are unique in that they maintain pre-Islamic religious traditions while being the oldest heirs of Islam in Morocco. Although some scholars disagree, many believe it was during the 16th century that Bambara-speaking slaves were brought across the Sahara from the Guinea Empire (present-day Senegal, Guinea, and Mali. The Gnawa have successfully integrated aspects of Islam, particularly Sufism, with their ancient possession trance rituals, blending religious Arabic songs with African polyrhythms. Gnawa lila de dardeba (night possession trance) ceremonies use music and physical movement to induce trance and evoke ancestral saints who can drive out evil aha cure psychological conditions deemed pathological by allopathic practitioners. These rituals last all night with secular songs played initially, followed by sacred songs that are related to a special saint or spirit. External pressures on the Gnawa are very strong. Fundamentalists object to both the possession aspects and the use of symbols personifying spirits and saints in the derdeba (sometimes abbreviated simply as lila) ritual because they believe these aren't compatible with orthodox Islam, and some view Sufic elements as idolatrous worship of saints. Even so, the Gnawa freely practice their hybridic trance ritual, possibly resulting from remnants of non-Gnawa pre-Islamic tribal fears that these spirits may cause harm if interfered with. World-wide attention on the Gnawa since their recognition in the 1970s by leading figures in Western pop music, which has increased over the past three decades also affords protection, although detractors wth strict ties to a mechanistic understanding of the cosmos view practices such as these to be counterproductive to the advancement of civilized cultures and contemporary ideologies. These extreme views shed light upon a modern-day, and particularly Western horizontal extremism in which trance and other forms of spiritual ecstasy are pathologized, resulting in the loss of practices involving non-ordinary states of consciousness. This loss not only curtails experiences essential for psychological, physical and spiritual well being, but is at at the root et increasing violence, greed, materialism, and even war. ESSAOUIRA The Atlantic Coastal town of Essaouira, (pop. 90,000) is home to an annual festival of music devoted to Gnawa music and culture and currently in its 5th installment. Essaouira had all but vanished ten years ago, when a group of concerned people, guided by the Essaouira Development Board began working round-the-clock to bring this so-called city that could've been sold back to life. Now they've instigated not only the Gnawa World Music Festival, but also festivals of film and other genres of music, including jazz, blues, and classical, and this fall they will sponsor the first Andalousian Festival. Neila Tazi, Director of the Festival, explains that Essaouira is not readily accessible, and transportation is difficult. There are few industrial possibilities, therefore the decision to bring awareness through the driving force of vibrant Gnawa culture. With the Gnawa festival, founded spontaneously, the economy of Essaouira has grown by leaps and bound--during a typical four-day musical and cultural experience merchants amass income equal to that of the remaining days of the year combined. The entire city, excited about economic and cultural possibilities, participates in this free-of-charge festival attended by people from every corner of the globe, and made possible through Moroccan and international sponsorship. Last year 200,000 people attended the festival, a steady rise from 20,000, 80,000 and 120,000 during the first, second, and third years. …" @default.
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• W317280511 date "2002-01-01" @default.
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• W317280511 title "Fashioning Identity and Overcoming Illusions of Cultural and Religious Singularity at the 2002 Gnawa World Music Festival" @default.
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