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• W3174239384 abstract "Reviewed by: The Desertmakers. Travel, War, and the State in Latin America by Javier Uriarte Cinthya Torres Uriarte, Javier. The Desertmakers. Travel, War, and the State in Latin America. Routledge, 2020. Pp. 306. ISBN 978-1-13866-892-8. In The Desertmakers, Javier Uriarte opens his analysis by asking the reader how a desert is manufactured. While the question might seem odd, as he acknowledges, the author explains how, far from a natural arid space, the very etymology of the word describes an abandoned area that was “made” desert. At the intersection of travel and war, Uriarte argues that in the second half of the nineteenth century, the desert became a tangible presence as a result of extermination practices carried out by the state in the course of the modernization and consolidation of the nation state in South America. [End Page 307] The author then develops his argument around the idea that for the desert to be brought to fruition from an elemental void, a common trope in the Latin American imaginary, it must first be transformed into the “deserted”—or the process by which places were appropriated and emptied in order to be incorporated into the sphere of the state. A rich term in its meanings and connections, the desert is a product of the state but also a condition of possibility for the very consolidation of the state. Moreover, war was an effective instrument through which the state constructed and upheld itself at the time. Bringing together the perspectives of four travelers who write about their experiences of war in different literary genres—Richard Burton, William Henry Hudson, Francisco Moreno, and Euclides da Cunha—Uriarte examines the unconventional ways in which these authors look at, travel through, and write about territories ravaged by armed conflicts. These authors address four distinct military conflicts in Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil between 1864 and 1902 (the War of the Triple Alliance, the Uruguayan Civil War, the Conquest of the Desert, and the Canudos War). In contrast to other studies on warfare, Uriarte pays attention to the transformations these travelers experience, whether as direct spectators or through the accounts of others. These transformations take place in the writer’s understanding and representation of war and its motives and in the rhetorical strategies they employ to capture the horror and devastation of war for their readers. For instance, although Burton was not a firsthand witness on the Paraguayan battlefront, the vivid images of ravaged towns and testimonies of actual witnesses he interviews and upon which he crafts his Letters, give the opposite impression. Moreno, on the other hand, avoids mentioning the word “war” through his travel journals in Patagonia, deflecting its destructive effects as a necessary means of advancing Argentina’s modernizing aspirations. This occurs in his description of indigenous populations as on the verge of disappearance, as if anticipating their extermination. Organized into four chapters, the book analyzes the different conceptualizations of space, time, and the desert in the scenery of war. The writers are all foreigners to the territories they describe, and they all write about places that no longer exist. Each account, whether a work of imaginative fiction, a travel account, or the combination of both, offers unique insights into a journey through the confusion of the battlefield, the disappearance of peoples and places, and the ruins left behind. For some writers, who were themselves changed by atrocities they could not unsee, the ruins were a problematic manifestation of the state’s violent and desertifying logic in the name of progress. Chapter 1, “War in Terra Incognita: Richard Burton’s Letters from the Battle-Fields of Paraguay,” explores Sir Burton’s ambivalent approach to the war in Paraguay as both a critic and an agent of the British government—officially a neutral country during the war that nevertheless made loans to the allied countries of Argentina and Brazil, contributing to their eventual victory over Paraguay. Considered one of the deadliest wars in the region, the War of the Triple Alliance wiped out over sixty percent of the Paraguayan population. In these travel memoirs presented in the form of letters, Burton portrays Paraguay as a wasteland where the ruins confirmed the..." @default.
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• W3174239384 title "The Desertmakers. Travel, War, and the State in Latin America by Javier Uriarte" @default.
• W3174239384 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2021.0062" @default.
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