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• W3178146501 abstract "ABSTRACTAccording to the motivated helplessness hypothesis, a sense of helplessness in coping with threats in a specific domain can serve an anxiety-buffering function. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis in the context of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Argentina, using data collected before and during the pandemic. Findings supported the motivated helplessness hypothesis: Whereas feelings of helplessness to avoid being infected with COVID-19 were positively related to fear of being infected with COVID-19 and state anxiety before the pandemic, these feelings were negatively related to fear of being infected (and not directly related to state anxiety) during the pandemic. These findings demonstrate the specificity of the motivated helplessness effect and further establish this effect in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.KEYWORDS: AnxietyCovid-19fearhealth behaviorhelplessnessmotivationthreat Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Data availability statementThe data described in this article are openly available in the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/xr69b/.Open scholarship This article has earned the Center for Open Science badges for Open Data, Open Materials and Preregistered. The data and materials are openly accessible at https://osf.io/xr69b/.Notes1. A pre-registration of the hypothesis is available at: https://aspredicted.org/tn6sz.pdf.2. We decided to keep data from participants with outlier scores on perceived helplessness and fear of COVID-19 as including individuals with high scores on both scales was important for testing the potential effect of high levels of helplessness on fear and anxiety. We nevertheless also conducted analyses without these participants – as noted in footnote 5 – and the results still supported our prediction.3. Preliminary analyses on differences between the measurement waves indicated that the samples did not differ in self-esteem, religiosity or political view (Fs < 2.07, ps > .150). There was however a slight difference in age, F(1, 443) = 4.10, p = .044, ηp2 = .005, as participants in the second wave were slightly older. We noticed that one participant in the new data was 59 years old, and that removing them rendered the age difference as non-statistically significant. However, because all the results remained the same without that participant, we decided to keep their data in the study. There was also a difference in neuroticism, F(1, 443) = 4.49, p = .035, ηp2 = .010, as participants in the second wave reported slightly higher levels of neuroticism (possibly due to the pandemic). To address this, we examined any differences between the measurement waves both with and without neuroticism as a covariate.4. Although Lifshin et al. (Citation2020) included age and self-esteem in the model predicting fear of COVID-19 among the entire sample, they only used neuroticism in the within country analyses, since age was not normally distributed in these sample and included relatively extreme values. We did also conduct additional analyses with age as covariate (self-esteem was not a statistically significant covariate), and these indicated that the linear helplessness term still significantly predicted fear of COVID-19 (b = −0.46, β = −.22, p < .001), but the quadratic term was not statistically significant (b = −0.12, β = −.08, p = .242). The regression model predicting state anxiety remained not statistically significant.5. As noted in footnote 1, we also conducted another analysis in which we removed outliers with Z scores over 2 in perceived helplessness to avoid being infected with COVID-19, and this made the third step of the regression become also statistically significant, ΔF(1, 212) = 4.71, Δp = .031, ΔR2 = .018, R2Adj = .170, as the quadratic term (curvilinear effect) significantly predicted fear of COVID-19, b = −0.38, β = −.14, p = .031 (the linear term remained statistically significant). Both the linear and quadratic terms were also statistically significant predictors of fear in a model that did not include narcoticism as a covariate, but this model explained much less variance, and it was therefore not preferred.Additional informationFundingThis research was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the School of Psychology, IDC Herzliya, and followed the guidelines set forth by the APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct Standard 8 (http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx).Notes on contributorsUri LifshinUri Lifshin, Ph.D. (University of Arizona, 2017) is a Lecturer at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Israel. He completed his Ph.D. in social psychology at the University of Arizona under the guidance of Prof. Jeff Greenberg, and his postdoctoral studies with Prof. Mario Mikulincer and Prof. Gilad Hirschberger at IDC Herzliya. His primary research interests are in experimental social-personality psychology, focusing on psychological defense mechanisms, terror management theory, intergroup conflicts, prejudice, the human-animal relationship, self-esteem and cultural worldviews, political psychology, attachment and close relationships, and the psychology of social change.Mario MikulincerMario Mikulincer, Ph.D. (Bar-Ilan University, 1985) published more than 400 articles and book chapters, two authored books and seven edited books on attachment theory and research, learned helplessness, terror management theory; emotion regulation, trauma and post-traumatic processes, and coping with stressful events. From 1992, he is a Professor of Psychology. He acted as the Chair of the Psychology Department at Bar-Ilan University (1995-1999), as chairman of the interdisciplinary studies unit of this university (2001-2004), and as Dean of Bar-Ilan University’s Regional Colleges (2004-2006). In 2007, he founded the Baruch Ivcher school of Psychology at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya and served as its dean until 2014, Between 2014 and 2017, he was the IDC Provost. He is a fellow of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and the Association for Psychological Sciences. He serves as a member of the editorial boards of several personality and social psychology journals, and was the chief-editor of Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (2010-2015). In 2004, he received the E.M.E.T. Prize (www.emetprize.org.il) in Social Science for his contribution to psychology. In 2010, he received the Berscheid-Hatfield Award for Distinguished Mid-Career Achievement from the International Association for Relationship Research." @default.
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• W3178146501 title "Further evidence for motivated helplessness in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak: the case of Argentina before and during the pandemic" @default.
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