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• W3181182602 abstract "Bioethanol as a motor fuel in the transportation sector, mainly for road transportation, has been subject to many studies and much discussion. Furthermore, the topic involves not only the application and engine technical aspects, but also the understanding of the entire life cycle of the fuel, well-to-wheels, including economical, environmental, and social aspects. It is not, however, the aim of this report to assess every single one of these aspects. The present report aims to address the technical potential and problems as well as the central issues related to the general application of bioethanol as an energy carrier in the near future. A suitable place to start studying a fuel is at the production stage, and bioethanol has been found to have a potential to mitigate greenhouse gases, depending on the production method. This and a potential for replacing fossil fuel-based oil (and being renewable) are the main reasons why ethanol is considered and implemented. Therefore, we must focus on two central questions related to ethanol implementation: how much carbon dioxide (CO2) can be mitigated and how much fossil fuel can be replaced? A number of life cycle assessments have been performed in order to provide estimates. These assessments have generally shown that bioethanol has very good potential and can mitigate CO2 emissions very effectively, but It has also been shown that the potential for both fossil fuel replacement and CO2 mitigation is totally dependent on the method used to produce the fuel. Bioethanol can be made from a wide range of biomass resources, not all equally effective at mitigating CO2 emissions and replacing fossil fuel. The Brazilian ethanol experience has in many ways shown the way for the rest of the world, not least in the production stage. Brazil was the first and biggest producer of bioethanol, but the United States, China, India, and European Union have since then increased their production dramatically. Overall, bioethanol represents the best alternative transportation fuel; its use is projected to increase significantly and remain high. As transportation fuel is a very big sector globally, a shift toward more bioethanol usage will potentially have great consequences in many areas of life, driving the need for more comprehensive evaluation methods and regulations. Among the concerns are the principles of sustainable development, particularly the need for the definition of indicators, regulations, and criteria; not unlike those implemented in the forestry sector. The most apparent problems in producing the biomass and then processing it to bioethanol are pollution and usage of water, use of fossil fuels in production, soil degradation, and land use conflicts. At the layman's level, perhaps the most intensely discussed concern to date has been the food versus fuel problem. Clearly, we should not deprive people of food in order to produce transportation fuels. As has been stated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the problem at the present time seems not to be a lack of food production capability, but rather, economical politics -- namely, trade barriers. Aside from that, it has been discussed whether any real potential for greenhouse gas mitigation potential exists with the current forms of ethanol xii production, especially outside Brazil, since another greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O), seems to be emitted when the feedstock crops are grown. This gas is a very powerful greenhouse gas, about 300 times stronger than CO2. There have been investigations showing a negative potential; that is, bioethanol would be a greater contributor to global warming than regular fossil fuels (gasoline). Another very important issue is the conservation of the natural carbon reservoirs. When land is converted into farm land, there is a possibility of releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere than the biofuel would be able to mitigate, even over a long time. Currently, much effort is being put in to solving the problems of the second-generation ethanol technology, the way of producing bioethanol from cellulosic biomass. There is wide agreement about the advantages of this technology, for example, the use of much cheaper feedstock, because several highly efficient (energy) crops can be used, as well as biomass waste such as straw and corn cobs. Another advantage is a very high efficiency, that is, a high yield per area of land used. Lately there has even been talk about using algae as feedstock, thereby avoiding land use conflicts. Nevertheless, many remain to be resolved before this technology can be used on a wider scale, mainly improvement of cost efficiency as well as process efficiency. Ethanol has been shown to suit different kinds of integrated production scenarios. In Brazil the processes of producing ethanol and power have now been integrated at many locations with success." @default.
• W3181182602 created "2021-07-19" @default.
• W3181182602 creator A5015224018 @default.
• W3181182602 creator A5046078277 @default.
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• W3181182602 date "2009-05-15" @default.
• W3181182602 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3181182602 title "Ethanol as a Fuel for Road Transportation" @default.
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