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• W3186002891 abstract "Heaterless hollow cathodes are unconventional in that they do not utilize a cathode heater. As a result, heaterless hollow cathodes provide improved simplicity and a more compact form factor; traits which could be leveraged to advance the state of the art in plasma propulsion technology. However, by forgoing the use of a cathode heater, (which is generally used to initiate thermionic emission of electrons), the process of forming a thermionic arc discharge (i.e. ignition) in a heaterless hollow cathode becomes considerably more challenging. A number of heaterless ignition studies have been performed, yet no heaterless ignition process appears to be well-developed or widely accepted by the electric propulsion community at this time. In this study, an “instant start” heaterless ignition process is investigated that involves a controlled, momentary increase in propellant flow rate. Time-resolved measurements of the electrical behavior during an instant start heaterless ignition reveal that an arc (high-current, low-voltage) discharge is formed very quickly (within a microsecond) between the cathode and keeper electrodes. Through preliminary testing, our ignition process appears to be highly repeatable and reliable; however, it is hypothesized that this ignition technique may involve an erosive cathodic arc process, which could introduce a significant lifetime risk in applications that require a large number of ignition cycles. To test this hypothesis, ignition-induced erosion was quantified by subjecting newly manufactured hollow cathodes to a relatively large number of instant start ignition cycles (1,000 or more) before examining the test articles for evidence of erosion. Cathode erosion was evaluated by measuring mass loss and by use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data suggest that the amount of mass lost from the cathode is not positively correlated with the number of heaterless ignition cycles to which it was subjected. Furthermore, no visual evidence of cathodic arc erosion was found upon cathode surfaces. These observations led us to the conclusion that cathodic arc activity is not involved in the instant start ignition process. It is commonly believed that an arc discharge between cold electrodes requires a discharge medium of vaporized cathode material that is produced during the cathodic arc process, however this did not appear to be the case in this study. This unexpected result suggests that a novel discharge mechanism may be involved in the initial moments of the instant start ignition process. We hypothesize that a “volumetric ionization” process could facilitate the high-current arc discharge that is observed during the initial moments of the instant start ignition process. To test the validity of this concept, feasibility calculations were performed to estimate the plasma density and electron temperature necessary for the electron impact ionization rate to equal the discharge current during the beginning of the ignition process. Using input values that correspond with the ignition parameters used in this study, (a neutral density of approximately 6.1e17 cm-3, an discharge current of 8.0 amperes, and an estimated attachment length of 1.0 mm), it was calculated that a plasma density of 9.4e15 cm-3 and an electron temperature of 1.34 eV would be required to support the hypothesized volumetric ionization discharge mechanism." @default.
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• W3186002891 date "2021-07-28" @default.
• W3186002891 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W3186002891 title "A Low Erosion Instant Start Ignition Process for Heaterless Hollow Cathodes" @default.
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• W3186002891 doi "https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3377" @default.
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