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• W318677550 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION The terrorists attacks of September 11, 2001 triggered an intense debate that continues to the present day: were they monstrous crimes--or acts of war? Should the U.S. response be shaped by a military or criminal justice paradigm? Framed this way, the debate poses a classic false dichotomy. The international community has strongly supported the United States in its claim that the September 11 attacks constituted an armed attack justifying military action against the Al Qaeda network and its Taliban sponsors in Afghanistan. At the same time, other countries are working hand in hand U.S. enforcement agencies in a criminal investigation of global sweep. But if crimes of terrorism can also be acts of war, it is a mistake to conflate the two. Presidents Bush's November 13, 2001 Military Order authorizing military commissions to prosecute suspected terrorists does just that, treating virtually any foreign national whom the President suspects of terrorist-related activity as an enemy belligerent, regardless of whether the United States is engaged in armed conflict. In doing so, the Military Order exceeds the President's constitutional authority to establish military commissions and imperils core constitutional values. Even when legally permissible, military commissions are generally an unwise choice among the options available trying those believed to be responsible the attacks of September 11 and other crimes of terrorism. Far better to try them before federal courts, as the United States has successfully done as recently as this year in connection two other horrific crimes committed by members of Al Qaeda--the 1998 terrorist attacks on U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. II. THE LEGALITY OF THE MILITARY ORDER A fundamental feature of the Military Order is that it invokes presidential powers to support the prosecution of suspected terrorists before military commissions. Citing the President's constitutional authority as Commander in Chief of the armed forces, (1) the Order provides that the President may order certain individuals to be detained by the Secretary of Defense and to be prosecuted exclusively before military commissions for violations of the laws of and other applicable laws by military tribunals. (2) But in a legal and conceptual non-sequitur, the Order defines its field of application in terms of individuals whom the President suspects of participation in international terrorism, a term the Order nowhere defines, against the United States. (3) Thus the President seeks to detain suspected terrorists on the basis of his authority to prosecute criminals. Like the figures in M.C. Escher's lithograph Verbum that morph from frogs into birds and then fishes, the President's order shifts from one legal paradigm to another. For reasons we explain in the next section, this aspect of the Military Order renders much of the Order constitutionally flawed. More particularly, the Military Order exceeds the province of presidential powers when it purports to subject civilians in the United States to trial before military commissions because they may have supported Al Qaeda operatives or other individuals suspected of participation in international terrorism. When acts of terrorism take place in peacetime, as they frequently do, they are not triable as crimes under international and the President cannot make them so by the stroke of a pen. A. Legal Authority Military Commissions The principal federal cited in support of the Military Order contemplates the possibility of convening military commissions with respect to offenders or offenses that by statute or by the of may be tried by military commission. (4) In U.S. and practice, military commissions, courts, and tribunals have four distinct types of jurisdiction, of which only two are relevant here--martial and law of war jurisdiction. …" @default.
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• W318677550 date "2002-03-22" @default.
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• W318677550 title "When Justice Goes to War: Prosecuting Terrorists before Military Commissions" @default.
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