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• W3191008297 abstract "Disentangling physiological noise and signal of interest is a major issue when evaluating BOLD-signal changes in response to breath holding. Currently-adopted approaches for retrospective noise correction are general-purpose, and have non-negligible effects in studies on hypercapnic challenges. We provide a novel approach to the analysis of specific and non-specific BOLD-signal changes related to end-tidal CO 2 (P ET CO 2 ) in breath-hold fMRI studies. Multiple-order nonlinear predictors for P ET CO 2 model a region-dependent nonlinear input-output relationship hypothesized in literature and possibly playing a crucial role in disentangling noise. We explore Retrospective Image-based Correction (RETROICOR) effects on the estimated BOLD response, applying our analysis both with and without RETROICOR and analyzing the linear and non-linear correlation between P ET CO 2 and RETROICOR regressors. The RETROICOR model of noise related to respiratory activity correlated with P ET CO 2 both linearly and non-linearly. The correction affected the shape of the estimated BOLD response to hypercapnia but allowed to discard spurious activity in ventricles and white matter. Activation clusters were best detected using non-linear components in the BOLD response model. We evaluated the side-effects of standard physiological noise correction procedure, tailoring our analysis on challenging understudied brainstem and subcortical regions. Our novel approach allowed to characterize delays and non-linearities in BOLD response. RETROICOR successfully avoided false positives, still broadly affecting the estimated non-linear BOLD responses. Non-linearities in the model better explained CO 2 -related BOLD signal fluctuations. The necessity to modify the standard procedure for physiological-noise correction in breath-hold studies was addressed, stating its crucial importance. • In breath-hold fMRI studies physiological noise is entangled with signals of interest. • RETROICOR regressors show high linear and nonlinear relations with CO 2 time-series. • Non-linear models better explain space-variant CO 2 -related BOLD signal fluctuations. • While reducing false positives, RETROICOR is prone to discard activity of interest. • Physiological noise correction is a needed step to be adapted to the specific goal." @default.
• W3191008297 created "2021-08-16" @default.
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• W3191008297 date "2021-10-01" @default.
• W3191008297 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W3191008297 title "Mapping dependencies of BOLD signal change to end-tidal CO2: Linear and nonlinear modeling, and effect of physiological noise correction" @default.
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• W3191008297 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109317" @default.
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