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• W319187035 endingPage "3523" @default.
• W319187035 startingPage "3487" @default.
• W319187035 abstract "The heating mechanism at high densities during M-dwarf flares is poorly understood. Spectra of M-dwarf flares in the optical and near-ultraviolet wavelength regimes have revealed three continuum components during the impulsive phase: 1) an energetically dominant blackbody component with a color temperature of $Tapprox10^{4}~mbox{K}$ in the blue-optical, 2) a smaller amount of Balmer continuum emission in the near-ultraviolet at $lambdale3,646$ Å, and 3) an apparent pseudo-continuum of blended high-order Balmer lines between $lambda=3,646$ Å and $lambdaapprox3,900$ Å. These properties are not reproduced by models that employ a typical “solar-type” flare heating level of ${le},10^{11}~mbox{erg},mbox{cm}^{-2},mbox{s}^{-1}$ in nonthermal electrons, and therefore our understanding of these spectra is limited to a phenomenological three-component interpretation. We present a new 1D radiative-hydrodynamic model of an M-dwarf flare from precipitating nonthermal electrons with a high energy flux of $10^{13}~mbox{erg},mbox{cm}^{-2},mbox{s}^{-1}$ . The simulation produces bright near-ultraviolet and optical continuum emission from a dense ( $n>10^{15}~mbox{cm}^{-3}$ ), hot ( $T approx12,000,mbox{--},13,500~mbox{K}$ ) chromospheric condensation. For the first time, the observed color temperature and Balmer jump ratio are produced self-consistently in a radiative-hydrodynamic flare model. We find that a $Tapprox10^{4}~mbox{K}$ blackbody-like continuum component and a low Balmer jump ratio result from optically thick Balmer ( $inftyrightarrow n=2$ ) and Paschen recombination ( $inftyrightarrow n=3$ ) radiation, and thus the properties of the flux spectrum are caused by blue ( $lambdaapprox4,300$ Å) light escaping over a larger physical depth range than by red ( $lambdaapprox6,700$ Å) and near-ultraviolet ( $lambdaapprox3,500$ Å) light. To model the near-ultraviolet pseudo-continuum previously attributed to overlapping Balmer lines, we include the extra Balmer continuum opacity from Landau–Zener transitions that result from merged, high-order energy levels of hydrogen in a dense, partially ionized atmosphere. This reveals a new diagnostic of ambient charge density in the densest regions of the atmosphere that are heated during dMe and solar flares." @default.
• W319187035 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W319187035 creator A5007511507 @default.
• W319187035 creator A5037878238 @default.
• W319187035 creator A5050596449 @default.
• W319187035 creator A5057648356 @default.
• W319187035 creator A5067643722 @default.
• W319187035 creator A5077961546 @default.
• W319187035 creator A5080147400 @default.
• W319187035 date "2015-06-10" @default.
• W319187035 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W319187035 title "New Insights into White-Light Flare Emission from Radiative-Hydrodynamic Modeling of a Chromospheric Condensation" @default.
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