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• W3195894326 startingPage "195" @default.
• W3195894326 abstract "Reproduction and development are energetically expensive and risky processes in most organisms. Animals typically must increase the acquisition of nutrients and energy, which results in high energy expenditure. This may result in increased predator exposure due to more foraging needed by the parents to obtain food for the growing young. In birds and mammals it also often includes an increase in Tb and MR during the mating period or during various stages of the reproductive cycle (Tyndale-Biscoe and Renfree 1987; Monaghan and Nager 1997; Speakman 2008). Generally in small placental mammals, energy expenditure increases with pregnancy, the increase is usually more pronounced after parturition and, during the period of lactation, may about double in comparison to energy expenditure without reproduction (Speakman 2008; Rödel et al. 2016). In monotremes and marsupials the change in energy expenditure during the typically long reproductive period is less pronounced, but it occurs over a longer time (Munks and Green 1995; Nicol 2017). In flying birds and bats extra costs arise from carrying an egg or growing foetus as well as allocating nutrients to the young. Mammalian reproduction is also associated with an increase in circulating reproductive hormones, such as steroids and specifically testosterone, which are known to inhibit torpor in at least some heterothermic species, especially sciurid and cricetid rodents (Goldman et al. 1986), and sperm production is negatively affected by deep torpor (Gagnon et al. 2020). All of these requirements and physiological changes seem to preclude the use of torpor of adults during the reproductive cycle and it is of little surprise that reproduction in birds and mammals and expression of torpor have been widely viewed as mutually incompatible (Landau and Dawe 1960; Wimsatt 1969). This tenet applies especially to areas at high latitudes with strong seasonal cycles of temperature and food availability and only a narrow window of time that is suitable for reproduction, growth and development." @default.
• W3195894326 created "2021-08-30" @default.
• W3195894326 creator A5009622607 @default.
• W3195894326 date "2021-01-01" @default.
• W3195894326 modified "2023-10-01" @default.
• W3195894326 title "Torpor During Reproduction and Development" @default.
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