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- W3198936949 abstract "Abstract The Non-Observed Economy (NOE) vs. the Shadow Economy (SE) display large discrepancies throughout the European Union transition countries, in particular in Poland. A tractable taxonomy of unobserved activities is designed according to both definition and scope. Direct measurements from tax audits, household informal expenditure, labour force surveys and Eurobarometers provide piecemeal estimates. Indirect measurements from cross-section analyses are drawn from discrepancies on the market for goods and services, the money market and the labour market; the relevance of major determinants of the NOE/SE—tax evasion and informal employment, is tackled. Other macro measurements provide time-series estimates designing the trends of the SE from electricity consumption methods and structural modelling of multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC). Last, the gap in NOE/SE estimates from national accounts adjustments vs. MIMIC is addressed." @default.
- W3198936949 created "2021-09-27" @default.
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- W3198936949 date "2021-01-01" @default.
- W3198936949 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W3198936949 title "Non-Observed Economy vs. Shadow Economy and Informal Employment in Poland: A Range of Mismatching Estimates" @default.
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