FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W3199200404> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W3199200404 abstract "Toxic chemicals - toxicants - have been studied and regulated as single entities, and, carcinogens aside, almost all toxicants, single or mixed and however altered, have been thought harmless in very low doses or very weak concentrations. Yet much work in recent decades has shown that toxicants can injure wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans following exposures previously expected to be harmless. Additional work has shown that toxicants can act not only individually and cumulatively but also collectively and even synergistically and that they affect disadvantaged communities inordinately - and therefore, as argued by reformers, unjustly. As late as December 2016, the last full month before the inauguration of a president promising to rescind major environmental regulations, the United States federal environmental-health establishment, as led by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), had not developed coherent strategies to mitigate such risks, to alert the public to their plausibility, or to advise leadership in government and industry about their implications. To understand why, we examined archival materials, reviewed online databases, read internal industry communications, and interviewed experts. We confirmed that external constraints, statutory and judicial, had been in place prior to EPA's earliest interest in mixture toxicity, but we found no overt effort, certainly no successful effort, to loosen those constraints. We also found internal constraints: concerns that fully committing to the study of complex mixtures involving numerous toxicants would lead to methodological drift within the toxicological community and that trying to act on insights from such study could lead only to regulatory futility. Interaction of these constraints, external and internal, shielded the EPA by circumscribing its responsibilities and by impeding movement toward paradigmatic adjustment, but it also perpetuated scientifically dubious policies, such as those limiting the evaluation of commercial chemical formulations, including pesticide formulations, to only those ingredients said by their manufacturers to be active. In this context, regulators' disregard of synergism contrasted irreconcilably with biocide manufacturers' understanding that synergism enhanced lethality and patentability. In the end, an effective national response to mixture toxicity, cumulative risk, and environmental injustice did not emerge. In parallel, though, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, which was less constrained, pursued with scientific investigation what the EPA had not pursued with regulatory action." @default.
• W3199200404 created "2021-09-27" @default.
• W3199200404 creator A5024660255 @default.
• W3199200404 creator A5063058332 @default.
• W3199200404 date "2021-09-17" @default.
• W3199200404 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W3199200404 title "Mixture toxicity, cumulative risk, and environmental justice in United States federal policy, 1980–2016" @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1967149342 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1970180135 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1971367772 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1972157243 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1973649684 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1982835526 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1985956131 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1986462163 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1988348477 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1992379611 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1992917384 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1997088324 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1999414155 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2003504001 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2005013037 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2008437782 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2013591867 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2017191338 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2017934968 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2022206707 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2023605339 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2023886005 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2028498121 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2029110977 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2033925861 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2034301781 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2036863754 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2037592380 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2041917375 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2045490313 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2045701242 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2047857205 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2049341175 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2050865573 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2051243270 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2051972267 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2053186571 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2053475025 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2072579270 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2076561065 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2079632599 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2082977312 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2087105515 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2088415060 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2094443886 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2094647481 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2095682352 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2097327668 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2107452022 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2120958488 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2127738908 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2134474257 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2138649409 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2158225497 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2163092266 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2165329755 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2167936477 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2171490806 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2198500245 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2266355581 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2275718982 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2338551889 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2383133476 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2412214305 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2442569796 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2551724132 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2555165693 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2605117638 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2776640445 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2902865730 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2950323074 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W2971121570 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W4206502167 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W4247216677 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W4251630388 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W4255235899 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W52077121 @default.
• W3199200404 cites W1974182184 @default.
• W3199200404 doi "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00764-5" @default.
• W3199200404 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8449500" @default.
• W3199200404 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34535123" @default.
• W3199200404 hasPublicationYear "2021" @default.
• W3199200404 type Work @default.
• W3199200404 sameAs 3199200404 @default.
• W3199200404 citedByCount "10" @default.
• W3199200404 countsByYear W31992004042021 @default.
• W3199200404 countsByYear W31992004042022 @default.
• W3199200404 countsByYear W31992004042023 @default.
• W3199200404 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W3199200404 hasAuthorship W3199200404A5024660255 @default.
• W3199200404 hasAuthorship W3199200404A5063058332 @default.
• W3199200404 hasBestOaLocation W31992004041 @default.
• W3199200404 hasConcept C108170787 @default.

• next