FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W320121052> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W320121052 startingPage "23" @default.
• W320121052 abstract "In British political parlance of 1960s, the Rhodesian problem referred to difficulty of dealing with white settler minority in Southern Rhodesia. In 1964, Great Britain granted independence to Malawi and Zambia, former members of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, based upon constitutions providing for black majority rule. However, third Federation member, Southern Rhodesia, rejected British efforts to bring a peaceful transition to majority rule and self-determination under democratic terms, and in 1965, unilaterally declared independence. After issuance of Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), British Prime Minister Harold Wilson predicted that white settler regime led by Ian Smith would collapse in a matter of weeks. After fifteen years and 20,000 lives, colony of Rhodesia gave way to majority ruled, independent nation of Zimbabwe.(2) While Britain held major constitutional and historical responsibility for transition to independence and majority rule, it was not only external actor. The United Nations Security Council played a role by imposing mandatory economic sanctions on Rhodesia in 1966 and 1968. Other international organizations involved in conflict were Organization of African Unity and Commonwealth. African states that were significant players included Nigeria and Frontline States of Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Finally, United States was actively involved in transition process. The purpose of this paper is to examine American policy toward Rhodesia during administration of Jimmy Carter. Studying Carter's role in transition from Rhodesia to Zimbabwe is useful not only in and of itself but also as a case study in how Carter tried to redirect American foreign policy toward Africa and Third World in general. The Shadow of Henry Kissinger In 1969 Nixon administration chose Tar Baby Option which left United States stuck like Br'er Rabbit to white minority regimes of southern Africa: Portuguese colonies in Angola and Mozambique; Rhodesia, Namibia, and South Africa.(3) Nixon and his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, saw Africa through prism of East-West confrontation. To them Africa was a hotbed of Soviet and Cuban adventurism that left United States little choice but to side with white minority regimes that opposed advance of communism. Symbolic of this mindset was passage of Byrd Amendment in 1971. This legislation permitted United States to import chrome and other minerals from Rhodesia in open contravention of UN sanctions of 1966 and 1968 for which U.S. had voted.(4) The strategic minerals found in southern Africa were felt to be vital to military-industrial survival of United States and its allies. In 1975, passing of Portuguese African empire changed political realities for U.S. policy in region. After departure of Portuguese colonialists from Angola, Popular Movement for Liberation of Angola (MPLA), a Marxist group with Soviet and Cuban support, fought a civil war with two other black nationalist groups supported by American covert assistance. Fearing a repeat of Vietnam experience, U.S. Congress passed Clark Amendment prohibiting any further support to groups involved in Angolan civil war.(5) Having failed to prevent MPLA from coming to power, Kissinger feared that events in Angola might be repeated in Rhodesia, and he began to refocus his attention on British-led efforts to negotiate a resolution to conflict.(6) A sense of urgency ensued after a Marxist African government came to power in independent Mozambique. This opened a new front on Rhodesia's eastern border allowing black nationalist guerrillas to intensify insurgency that had been waged from Zambia since 1972.(7) Confronted with prospect of an expanded insurgency, Kissinger tried to remold U. …" @default.
• W320121052 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W320121052 creator A5034115231 @default.
• W320121052 date "2000-09-22" @default.
• W320121052 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W320121052 title "Carter and the Rhodesian Problem(1)" @default.
• W320121052 hasPublicationYear "2000" @default.
• W320121052 type Work @default.
• W320121052 sameAs 320121052 @default.
• W320121052 citedByCount "0" @default.
• W320121052 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W320121052 hasAuthorship W320121052A5034115231 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C105795698 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C17744445 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C199539241 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C2777826127 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C2778069335 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C2778607876 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C2781243023 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C33923547 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C35651441 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C555826173 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C93377909 @default.
• W320121052 hasConcept C94625758 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C105795698 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C17744445 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C199539241 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C2777826127 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C2778069335 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C2778607876 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C2781243023 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C33923547 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C35651441 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C555826173 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C93377909 @default.
• W320121052 hasConceptScore W320121052C94625758 @default.
• W320121052 hasLocation W3201210521 @default.
• W320121052 hasOpenAccess W320121052 @default.
• W320121052 hasPrimaryLocation W3201210521 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W149471991 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W1538901350 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W1814655694 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W1914703246 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2000337607 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2014918168 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2042497901 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2067597102 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2092630638 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2143388811 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2171175682 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2415764206 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2491792671 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2502071561 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2507057506 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2603361479 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2765712128 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2961201449 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W3039390987 @default.
• W320121052 hasRelatedWork W2602147385 @default.
• W320121052 isParatext "false" @default.
• W320121052 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W320121052 magId "320121052" @default.
• W320121052 workType "article" @default.