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• W3201349397 abstract "Reviewed by: Environmental Design: Architecture, Politics, and Science in Postwar America by Avigail Sachs Robin B. Williams Avigail Sachs. Environmental Design: Architecture, Politics, and Science in Postwar America. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2018. ISBN: 9780813941271 Hardcover: 240 pages Avigail Sachs’s compact yet expansive Environmental Design: Architecture, Politics, and Science in Postwar America provides a broadly based analysis of the evolving relationship between environmental design and architectural education, thinking, and design during the middle decades of the twentieth century. Building on Amos Rapoport’s 1990 pathbreaking study, History and Precedent in Environmental Design, Sachs brings a balanced historical approach to a topic more commonly addressed by technical literature. Her study challenges the common narrative that American postwar architecture was shaped only by European modern aesthetics and that the social and political dimensions of modernism only impacted American design in the 1960s. Rather than focus on form and style, Sachs investigates how American architects transformed architectural practice to incorporate breakthroughs in scientific knowledge about the relationship between humans and their environment. Sachs’s study is as much a history of American architectural education between the 1930s and the 1970s as it is a study of environmental design. It reveals how school deans and leading educators, including Catherine Bauer, Joseph Hudnut, William Wurster, G. Holmes Perkins, and Serge Chermayeff played significant roles in shaping the direction of architectural design. Based on extensive archival research, an impressive range of published sources, and numerous interviews, the book provides an important fresh perspective on the history of modern architecture in America and on its evolving disciplinary boundaries with city planning and landscape architecture. As Sachs notes in her introduction (and alludes to in the book’s subtitle), environmental design was shaped by a series of tensions among architecture, science, philosophy, and politics, with differing expectations of professional responsibilities. Sachs divides her study into five chapters organized chronologically, each exploring a different facet of the environmental design movement. Although not limited to an analysis of residential architecture, the scope of the book addresses the period “when housing captured architects’ imagination and informed their theories,” framed by the Housing Act of 1937 and the moratorium on public housing in 1973. Yet, the book is far from a typological study, offering instead a more holistic investigation of architectural thought and the social, political, and scientific ideas that shaped it. The first chapter, “A Social Art,” focuses on the expansion of architecture school pedagogy through collaborations with planning and landscape architecture and the incorporation of knowledge from natural and social sciences. Sachs charts how the ideas of Patrick Geddes and John Dewey spurred the beginnings of environmental design in the 1920s and 1930s. She goes on to trace the efforts of Lewis Mumford and Catherine Bauer to establish in architecture and planning stronger connections between people and their environment and to make design a more collective enterprise. From her early advocacy for housing reform and co-authorship of the Housing Act of 1937, Bauer emerges as a leading figure throughout Sachs’ study, which focuses overdue attention on her remarkable and underappreciated contributions to twentieth-century American architecture. Bauer’s dual emphasis on a rigorous scientific method of data collection and a biological conception of design—intentionally opposing machine-inspired design and CIAM’s focus on universal forms—would gain traction [End Page 45] through their impact on architectural education. Starting at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design under Joseph Hudnut, environmental design as part of architectural pedagogy quickly spread to MIT under William Wurster in 1945 and to the University of Pennsylvania under G. Holmes Perkins in 1950. In that same year, the new trend was embraced also at the University of California with Wurster’s move there, leading to the eventual establishment of Berkeley’s College of Environmental Design in 1959. As Sachs shows, it is no surprise that these schools played central roles in the training of many of most influential and prominent American architects and architectural thinkers of the second half of the twentieth century. The different design methodologies employed by architects in pursuit of a more holistic environmental approach to design constitutes the second chapter titled “Man as Measure.” Far from his famous Bauhaus..." @default.
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• W3201349397 title "Environmental Design: Architecture, Politics, and Science in Postwar America by Avigail Sachs" @default.
• W3201349397 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/arr.2021.0002" @default.
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