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• W3203082018 abstract "Congenital conditions affecting the development of the external ear, such as microtia, are present in more than 2.06 cases per 10,000 births and result in considerable long-term psychosocial implications for individuals.1 Temporary silicone prostheses are a suitable approach for restoring the aesthetics of the external ear, but their traditional fabrication through direct impression is highly invasive, laborious, and expensive.2 Digital methods for capturing morphological data can significantly reduce fabrication time and costs without sacrificing the aesthetic quality of the prosthesis.3,4 However, the expense of commercially available three-dimensional scanning hardware limits their clinical translation. In this article, we combine a previously developed frugal three-dimensional scanning approach with an instructional video to produce a framework for clinical use by novice operators. Five adult operators (mean age, 28.4 ± 13.9 years; three male and two female operators) with no three-dimensional scanning experience viewed a video training tool to learn how to scan the external ear using photogrammetry methods and an Apple iPhone 8S (Apple, Inc., Cupertino, Calif.), as previously detailed.5 The operators then scanned a participant without any further guidance. Three-dimensional models were constructed from the photographs using the commercial photogrammetry software Agisoft Photoscan Standard Edition (Agisoft LLC, St. Petersburg, Russia) on a Dell E7470 (Dell Technologies, Round Rock, Texas) (Intel Core i7-6600U CPU, 16 GB RAM). The participant was also scanned by an experienced operator using the developed iPhone method, as a positive control. In addition, an Artec Spider structured-light three-dimensional scanner (Artec Group, Luxembourg) was used as a gold standard reference to which the iPhone scans were compared. After three-dimensional model alignment in CloudCompare (open-source free software developed by D. Girardeau-Montaut, Ph.D., Germany), color maps visualizing local areas of inaccuracies compared to the gold standard were produced in Paraview (Kitware, Inc., Clifton Park, N.Y.). This study showed that inexperienced operators could capture three-dimensional scans of the external ear using an iPhone and photogrammetry software. The color maps shown in Figure 1 indicate areas of higher and lower deviation among operators. This suggests that the back of the ear and narrow cavities prove to be challenging to capture for all operators.Fig. 1.: Color maps of three-dimensional scans captured of participant ear by all iPhone operators. Deviation values (mm) were defined as the directional difference between the three-dimensional points in the experimental scans (captured by the iPhone) and the corresponding points in the metrology-rated reference scan (captured by the Artec scanner). The Artec scan is shown in grey as a gold standard reference scan. Deviation scale was set from −3 mm (red) to 3 mm (blue).Three-dimensional scanning and advanced manufacturing can provide minimally invasive alternatives to traditional prosthesis fabrication with increased patient specificity, comfort, and aesthetic quality. Increased access to smartphones with digital cameras introduces the potential for the wide availability of frugal three-dimensional scanning approaches. The results of the present study suggest the utility of an instructional video to train novice operators. Figure 1 highlights the limitation in handheld scanning of poorly lit and difficult-to-access regions, such as the back of the ear and narrow cavities. However, this can be mitigated with postprocessing of the three-dimensional models before prosthetic fabrication. A large-scale, quantitative, comparative analysis using this three-dimensional scanning framework would validate this technique for clinical applications. The results of the present study demonstrate the potential for three-dimensional scanning of the external ear using an iPhone by novice operators with only an instructional video tool, with important applications in the advanced manufacturing of ear prostheses for individuals with microtia. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project is supported by MTP Connect (PRJ2016-38), Advance Queensland, and the Cecilia Kilkeary Foundation. M.T.R. and R.L.J.C. are supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program scholarship. S.K.P. and M.C.A. are supported by Advanced Queensland Fellowships. DISCLOSURE The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article." @default.
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• W3203082018 date "2021-10-05" @default.
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• W3203082018 title "A Protocol for Clinically Accessible Three-Dimensional Ear Scanning Using Smartphones" @default.
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• W3203082018 doi "https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000008469" @default.
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