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• W3203622453 abstract "Background of study: The exclusive physical and chemical features of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) along with its antimicrobial abilities resulted in its widespresd use in many household products . The high usage of AgNPs inevitably increases the chance of its release into environment during synthesis, product preparation or disposal [1]. These nanoparticle contaminated water can permeate to agricultural fields during irrigation and fertilization [2] and eventually enter plant rhizosphere. Therefore, AgNPs are inevitably taken up by crops and thus easily enter into food chain [3], not only posing impacts on food production and food quality, but also posing a risk to human health [4]. AgNPs can leach silver ions (Ag+), which are persistent, bioaccumulative, and highly toxic to organisms [5]. Therefore, the release of AgNPs into ecosystems raises great concerns about its safety and environmental toxicity. Hence, understanding the phytotoxic effects of chemically synthesised AgNPs and finding a sustainable alternative for nanoparticle synthesis with lesser or no environmental issues will be an attractive option. This can be achieved by adopting green protocols for nanoparticle synthesis. Among the various green synthesis methods, use of plant extracts as reductant and capping agent of metal ions is considered to be most cost effective method.METHODOLOGY: The present study tries to identify the phytotoxic effects of chemically synthesised AgNPs on germination of Cicer arietinum L seeds and a green protocol for AgNP synthesis using the leaf extracts of Aloe vera. Here, the active components present in the extract will act as reductant and stabilizer for AgNP synthesis. It is also hypothesised that the green synthesised nanoparticles will not pose environmental issues like the chemically synthesised particles. To establish it, we investigated the impact of chemically synthesised and green synthesised AgNPs on germination and growth of Cicer arietinum L, a commonly cultivated cereal crop.RESULTS The mechanism behind the formation of AgNP by bottom up approach using Aloe vera leaf extract was identified and reported earlier from our lab [6]. We identified that the functional groups in acemannan molecule present in Aloe vera leaf inner gel resulted in the formation of AgNP by reducing silver ions to metallic silver. The effect of chemically and green synthesized AgNPs on germination of Cicer arietinum seeds was monitored. Chemically synthesised AgNP completely inhibited seed germination in petriplates, whereas seeds showed 87.50% germination in agar. The findings that galactose plays a key role in activating the salvage pathway during stress [7] can partially explain this observation. Seeds in the presence of water alone (control) and green synthesised AgNPs from Aloe vera (AVNP) showed 100% germination in agar (table 1). Table 1: Germination percentage after 4 days of incubation with chemically and green synthesised AgNPs under controlled conditions.Experimental groupsGermination percentage (%)On petriplatesOn agar mediumControl (water soaked seeds)63.64± 2.00100Chemically synthesised AgNP087.50 ± 4.00*AgNP synthesised using Aloe vera extract (AVNP)90 ± 1.05100 * p< 0.001when compared to control (n=4)Further study was conducted to evaluate the effect of green synthesised nanoparticles on plant growth. Determination of biomass showed that the fresh weight of plantlets grown in the presence of green synthesised AgNPs was higher than control (Fig. 1). The growth parameters like root length, number of buds and lateral roots were also higher in plants grown in the presence of green synthesised AgNPs from Aloe vera extract than control (Table 2).Fig. 1: Fresh biomass of Cicer arietinum L after 7 days of growth in presence of water (control) and green synthesised AgNP from Aloe vera extract (AVNP)Table 2:  Growth parameters of Cicer arietinum L in presence of green synthesised AgNP Experimental groups Shoot growth Root growthShoot length        (cm)No. of budsRoot length (cm)No. of lateral rootControl(water-soaked seeds) 3.70 ± 0.10 2.00 ± 0.05 9.50 ± 0.10 15.00 ± 0.10  AgNP synthesized using Aloe vera leaf extract (AVNP) 3.80 ± 0.10 3.00 ± 0.03** 12.50 ± 0.15* 20.00 ± 0.20*   * p< 0.001, **p<0.05 when compared to control (n=4)Interaction between plants and AgNPs is highly complicated and is dependent on the intrinsic properties of AgNPs and also influenced by plant species, developmental stages, different tissues and sample preparation methodologies [8]. Syu et al reported that AgNPs of specific shape can induce high degree of root growth with low levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase accumulation [9] where as few other studies validated the role of aquaporin genes [10] and α- amylase activity [11] in mediating enhanced seedling growth. In addition to the size or shape mediated regulation; pore formation and resultant water intake; or the regulation of starch metabolism, the possibility of synergic or antagonistic interactions between the phytocomponents in the green synthesized nanoparticles with the plant signalling molecules cannot be overlooked.CONCLUSIONTo design a sustainable alternative for chemically synthesised AgNPs, we adopted green protocols to synthesise AgNPs using leaf extracts of Aloe vera. The study revealed high germination capability with enhanced growth characteristics on plants grown in presence of green synthesised AgNPs. Thus, our results deliver a sustainable approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle which can be a potential candidate for nano-agriculture sector for crop improvement." @default.
• W3203622453 created "2021-10-11" @default.
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• W3203622453 date "2021-09-24" @default.
• W3203622453 modified "2023-10-01" @default.
• W3203622453 title "Phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on growth of Cicer arietinum L: A sustainable alternative using green synthesis: Green synthesis of Silvernanoparticle" @default.
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