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• W320533059 abstract "Terrorists' technology choices are a key part of their ability to create fear in target populations and audiences. Terrorists' interaction with technologies that perform key functions within modern society - e.g., communications or infrastructures - can also be strategies through which they can produce damage and fear. It is the way the terrorist chooses to apply technologies - to cause death and destruction - that sets him apart from the criminal who may be comparably armed and equipped but who uses those technologies for personal or material gain. For homeland security organizations, 1 responses to terrorist threats frequently gravitate toward the use of defensive technical systems. Significant sums of public and private funds have been allocated for development and fielding of security technologies and reduction of societal vulnerabilities. Making good decisions about investments in defensive systems - many of which are costly and intended to reduce the threat of terrorist attack over the long term - requires understanding the interaction between the technology strategies of the terrorist and those of the organizations charged with defending against them.Technical aspects of the fight between states and non-state groups are frequently portrayed as a discrete interaction between the capabilities of the terrorist and those of the defender. The vehicle bomb is pitted against the perimeter security and any protective blast-resistant features built into its target; the anthrax-containing letter against the detectors in the mail system; the weapon smuggled in hand luggage against the technologies and training of airport security systems and personnel. At the end of this one-on-one interaction between weapon and defense, the attacker and defender step back to see if the terrorist was successful. Drilling deeper, however, makes looking at the fight as a set of discrete interactions appear increasingly artificial. Examination of the technological elements of terrorism invariably highlights the dynamic nature of the problems faced by the defense. The bomb planted by a terrorist group tomorrow will frequently differ from the bomb planted today: the terrorists change the explosive composition, modify the detonator circuitry, and alter the tactics used. The next day, the bomb may be discarded entirely as the group shifts to new attack modes, alternative weapons, and novel tactics.Some of these adaptations will have nothing to do with the actions taken by the defender, resulting simply from the desire of the terrorists to be more effective or lethal. Detonator modifications may be an attempt to reduce premature explosions that kill only the terrorists. The appearance of a new weapon may simply mean that the group is seizing an opportunity, i.e. through theft, purchase, or gift; the organization obtains a new tool and wants to use it. Frequently, however, terrorists' adaptation has everything to do with the steps taken to defeat them. New remote-control initiators are needed because the defender is jamming the groups' current detonator or standoff weapons are acquired because security measures keep the terrorists away from desirable targets.The opportunity for each side of the conflict to influence the other means the interaction between them is more complex and much richer than merely a sequential set of discrete clashes - and that defensive planning cannot be approached as if the terrorism problem can be solved if simply the right defensive measure can be crafted and deployed. At the minimum, it is a multi-turn game involving many distinct players, where future clashes are informed by past actions - and by attempts to foresee future actions. But the depth of interaction goes further still: neither side limits its activities to perfecting its own future strategies based on the outcome of previous clashes, but also seeks to shape the environment of its opponent, even in the absence of direct interactions between them. …" @default.
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• W320533059 date "2009-01-01" @default.
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• W320533059 title "Technology Strategies for Homeland Security Adaptation and Coevolution of Offense and Defense" @default.
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