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• W3205870301 abstract "Understanding the physics of the atmospheric dispersion of heavy gases is essential to the assessment and management of risks associated to accidental releases of airborne pollutants. The release of gases heavier than air may produce favourable conditions to asphyxia, explosions and fires. The consequences of these releases are today further enhanced by the proximity of urban areas to industrial sites. The density difference between the heavy release and the surrounding air induces buoyancy and stratification effects that have a major impact on the dispersion of these gases. Once released, the heavy gas ends up spreading to the ground, producing a stable stratified flow configuration, that inhibits the dilution of the heavy gas with the ambient air. Consequently, the hazard threshold concentration limits (related to asphyxia, toxicity, explosiveness, flammability) can be locally exceeded by peaks of concentration, increasing the risk for workers, people and structures. The aims of this work is to investigate the turbulent dispersion dynamics of an elevated heavy gas release by means of wind tunnel experiments, enlightening its main differences compared to that of a passive scalar, and to test the ability of operational dispersion models in simulating this phenomena. The risk assessment of heavy gas release requires to correctly estimate the intensity of the concentration fluctuations and their interactions with the velocity fluctuations. For this reason, we employ a coupled system, composed of a Flame Ionization Detector and a Hot-Wire Anemometry, to characterise the pollutant plumes downwind the source by measuring simultaneously the concentration and velocity filed. This experimental technique is sensitive to the density gradients within the plume and a specific calibration procedure is defined (Chapter 2). The scenario of interest is defined with the industrial partner Air Liquide as the emission from an Air Separation Units (ASU) that releases O₂ at a temperature of -40°C in the atmospheric boundary layer. We simulate it with a scale model in our wind tunnel facility, where the inflow condition has been set to reproduce a fully developed turbulent boundary layer over a rough surface in neutral condition. From an elevated source we release a dense mixture of carbon dioxide and ethane, the latter used as a tracer in concentration measurements. Under the same flow and emission set-up we reproduce a passive scalar release, employing a mixture of air and ethane, comparing the dataset with the heavy gas one. In the data analysis (Chapter 3), focus is set on the mean concentration field and its higher-order moments, the concentration probability distribution and the turbulent mass fluxes, characterising the spectra, the turbulent kinetic energy exchange, the mixing on large and small scale, as well as the temporal structure of the signal. Finally, the data collected during the experiments on the heavy gas release is used to test and validate two operational dispersion models (Chapter 4). To that purpose we consider an integral model (Ventjet, Miller et al., 2021), developed by Air Product and Air Liquide, and a Lagrangian model (SLAM, Vendel et al., 2011), developed by the team AIR of the Ecole Centrale de Lyon. We complete the study by investigating the structure of the concentration time series, estimating the crossing time and rate of a concentration threshold by means of analytic models. The wind tunnel experiments proved that the trajectory of the heavy gas plume, emitted from an elevated source, was affected by buoyancy effects, whereas its turbulent dispersion was unaltered compared to the passive scalar. For this reason, operational models, validated to simulate passive scalar release, have been employed with success to model the elevated heavy gas releases. [...]" @default.
• W3205870301 created "2021-10-25" @default.
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• W3205870301 date "2021-05-12" @default.
• W3205870301 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W3205870301 title "Atmospheric dispersion of a heavy gas release from an elevated source" @default.
• W3205870301 hasPublicationYear "2021" @default.
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