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• W3208342930 abstract "Reviewed by: Engines of Redemption: Railroads and the Reconstruction of Capitalism in the New South by R. Scott Huffard Jr. Jacob Bruggeman (bio) Engines of Redemption: Railroads and the Reconstruction of Capitalism in the New South. By R. Scott Huffard Jr. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2019. Pp. 324. $25.99 paper; $22.99 ebook). In his first book, Engines of Redemption, R. Scott Huffard Jr. diligently traces how the New South’s elites spun a story of the railroad as the region’s salvation. Huffard draws an indelible line between the railroad as a symbol of the South’s industrial deficiencies and Civil War defeat, wherein Union generals like William Sherman devastated its rail network, and its later significance in New South and Lost Cause narratives of the railroad’s “unbridled connection, circulation, and commodification” championed by both southern boosters and northern businessmen (p. 70). Drawing on the railroad as the “quintessential symbol of progress,” “capitalism itself,” and “nineteenth-century modernity,” these elites propagated a powerful, mythological image of the Iron Horse as the propellent of regional progress (pp. 6, 5, 8). As such, the railroad proved an important [End Page 525] conduit for post-Reconstruction power grabs by Redeemers, pro-business Bourbon politicians, and white Democrats who wished to reconstitute the Old South’s racial hierarchies. Following 1865, Republican-ruled southern state governments and boosters used northern investment to build a new system of railroads that “put the war in the past” (p. 44). Supposedly renewed by such investment, the South was described in travel literature for the 1884–1885 New Orleans Exposition as a land of picturesque scenes and unique historical settings. Such literature situated the city and region writ large within a “global network of dreamworlds” in the “new age of capitalism” (p. 47). Railroads, Huffard argues, thus became the harbingers of “Capitalism’s geography” and its “enclosure” of southern lands (pp. 63–64). Railroads’ incorporation of land into that geography elevated local conflicts into the domain of state authorities. That freed Blacks and whites could mingle in railcars quickly turned this mode of transport into a site of “contested” racial conflict and “exceptional danger” for African Americans (p. 92). And by 1900, every southern state passed segregationist measures to control railcar race relations; indeed, the railroad became a staging ground where white elites “solidif[ied] whiteness,” resurrected antebellum-era, “Old South archetypes” and social hierarchies, and enforced Jim Crow (pp. 93–102). Elided elite narratives were the African Americans who built the railroads and the middle-class and mixed-race Blacks who rode them. What is more, racialized convict labor played a central role in railroad reconstruction. Prison laborers worked in camps described by one contemporary as an “American Siberia” (p. 79). Huffard argues that neither slavery nor convict labor, its post-emancipation cousin, should be seen as “deviations” from capitalist development, but as similar systems of labor organization which “sustained the racial order of white supremacy” (p. 81). Here emerges one of Huffard’s broad claims: that railroads in the New South captured “capitalism in action” (p. 5). Huffard interprets railroads as both system and symbol and his hook is bifurcated along these lines: the first three chapters focus on [End Page 526] the railroad as a “phantasmagoria of progress” (a term borrowed from Walter Benjamin), whereas the final four chapters present case studies about the “dangers and anxieties”—related to race, train wrecks, and railroad robbers—associated with the railroads (pp. 8, 11). Huffard’s chapters draw from a broad source base including archival documents, newspaper clippings, and various railroad company records. Cumulatively, Huffard recasts the New South’s railroad origin story in the veneer of the latest scholarship on the history of capitalism. In so doing, he sketches the “region’s role in global capitalism” (p. 6). Furthermore, Huffard seems to share many perspectives with the couriers of that literature, including Sven Beckert, Edward Baptist, and Joshua Rothman. Like historians of that school, Huffard attempts to chart a historiographical passage between various aspects of nineteenth-century U.S. economic history and present-day concerns about rising inequality and alternatives to capitalism. In fact, as Huffard contends, economic crises such..." @default.
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• W3208342930 title "Engines of Redemption: Railroads and the Reconstruction of Capitalism in the New South by R. Scott Huffard Jr." @default.
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