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• W3213056871 abstract "The clinical spectrum of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), associated with immune dysfunction and prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) [[1]COVID-ICU Group on behalf of the REVA Network and the COVID-ICU InvestigatorsClinical characteristics and day-90 outcomes of 4244 critically ill adults with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study.Intensive Care Med. 2021; 47: 60-73Crossref PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar], both of which are responsible for the acquisition of secondary infection [[2]Silva D.L. Lima C.M. Magalhães V.C.R. Baltazar L.M. Peres N.T.A. Caligiorne R.B. et al.Fungal and bacterial coinfections increase mortality of severely ill COVID-19 patients.J Hosp Infect. 2021; 113: 145-154Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar]. Along these lines, ARDS and prolonged MV are recognized risk factors for Herpesviridae systemic reactivation (HSR), which may affect the outcome of critically ill patients [[3]Coisel Y. Bousbia S. Forel J.-M. Hraiech S. Lascola B. Roch A. et al.Cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus effect on the prognosis of mechanically ventilated patients suspected to have ventilator-associated pneumonia.PLoS One. 2012; 7e51340Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar,[4]Ong D.S.Y. Bonten M.J.M. Spitoni C. Verduyn Lunel F.M. Frencken J.F. Horn J. et al.Epidemiology of multiple herpes viremia in previously immunocompetent patients with septic shock.Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64: 1204-1210Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar]. However, the burden of these infectious events in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains poorly explored. As such, we investigated the clinical features of HSR in patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS. All consecutive ARDS patients with COVID-10 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of Rennes University Hospital between 12th March 2020 and 16th April 2021 were reviewed. Patients monitored at least weekly for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) systemic replication by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were analysed retrospectively. HSR was considered when viral DNA was detected by PCR (lower limits of detection were 119 IU/mL for CMV with Altona RealStar CMV assay and 165 copies/mL for HSV-1 with Altona RealStar HSV assay). Respiratory samples for bacterial, fungal and viral (CMV, HSV and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR) examinations were collected at least weekly. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was defined in accordance with international guidelines [[5]Kalil A.C. Metersky M.L. Klompas M. Muscedere J. Sweeney D.A. Palmer L.B. et al.Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society.Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 63: e61-111Crossref PubMed Scopus (1885) Google Scholar]. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare quantitative data, and Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate, was used to compare qualitative data. All statistical analyses were two-sided, and P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Analyses were performed using R Version 4.0.4. The institutional ethical review board approved the study (N 20-56). One hundred and twenty-two patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS were included in this study. Demographic and clinical features are listed in Table I. The majority of patients were male, and the median age was 66 years. HSR was observed in 33 patients (27%), 27 patients experienced HSV viraemia (21.9%), 13 patients experienced CMV viraemia (10.7%), and seven patients had co-reactivation. Viraemia occurred at a median of 12 days following ICU admission (interquartile range 9–22). As shown in Table I, among patients experiencing HSR, a high proportion also presented Herpesviridae respiratory reactivation, while such viral respiratory reactivation was observed less often in patients without HSR (87.9% vs 23.6%; P<0.001) (Table I). Patients with HSR were lymphopenic and had positive respiratory RT-PCRs for SARS-CoV-2 for longer durations. As shown in Table I, when analysing clinical courses, patients with HSR had a prolonged duration of MV and longer ICU stay. Finally, higher rates of VAP were observed among these patients.Table ICharacteristics of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 according to systemic Herpesviridae reactivationAll patientsN=122No viral reactivationN=89Viral reactivationN=33P-valueDemographic characteristics Age (years)66 (57–73)64 (55–72)71 (61–73)0.044 Male sex83 (68)56 (62.9)27 (81.8)0.08Co-existing conditions Obesity48 (39.3)44 (49.4)4 (12.1)<0.001 Hypertension61 (50)39 (44.8)22 (66.7)0.042 Diabetes28 (22.9)17 (19.1)11 (33.3)0.16 Previous immunosuppression27 (22.1)20 (22.5)7 (21.2)>0.99Clinical and biological baseline features Lymphocyte count (109/L)0.53 (0.39–0.83)0.55 (0.39–0.79)0.56 (0.38–0.81)0.9 CRP (mg/L)120 (78–167)116 (76–166)150 (90–258)0.2 Ratio of PaO2 to FiO2 (mmHg)102 (84–137)106 (83–139)100 (86–134)0.71 SAPS II on day 132 (24–41)32 (23–40)33 (27–41)0.36 SOFA score on day 14 (3–7)4 (3–7)5 (3–7)0.92Clinical courses and ICU management Corticosteroid use114 (93.4)85 (95.5)29 (87.9)0.27 ECMO7 (5.7)3 (3.4)4 (12.1)0.16 Duration of lymphopenia (days)8 (5–13)7 (4–10)14 (9–23)0.001 Duration of positive respiratory SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (days)19 (13–27)16 (11–24)24 (18–31)0.013Ventilated patients with positive respiratory SARS-CoV-2 PCR Day 5 (120 patients tested)99 (81.1)66/87 (75.7)33/33 (100)<0.001 Day 10 (84 patients tested)65 (77.4)35/53 (66)30/32 (93.7)0.003 Day 15 (58 patients tested)44 (76)22/34 (64.7)22/24 (91.7)0.02 Day 20 (45 patients tested)31 (68.9)15/25 (60)16/20 (80)0.2VAP26 (21.3)14 (15.7)12 (36.4)0.03Herpesviridae respiratory reactivation50 (41)21 (23.6)29 (87.9)<0.001Duration of mechanical ventilation (days)13 (8–23)12 (7–20)18 (11–31)0.018Length of ICU stay (days)16 (10–28)13 (10–24)23 (15–33)0.005Day 28 mortality9 (7.4)8 (9)1 (3)0.44CRP, C-reactive protein; PaO2, arterial oxygen tension; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ICU, intensive care unit; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia.Obesity was defined as body mass index >30 kg/m2; lymphopenia was defined as lymphocyte count <1.109/L; and previous immunosuppression was defined as immunosuppressive treatments including corticosteroids >0.5 mg/kg/day prednisone-equivalent within 30 days prior to inclusion, severe neutropenia <0.5 G/L of neutrophils, human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity, or bone marrow or solid organ transplantation.Data are presented as median (interquartile range) and N (%). P-values comparing patients were tested using Mann–Whitney U-test (continuous variables), and Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests (categorical variables). Open table in a new tab CRP, C-reactive protein; PaO2, arterial oxygen tension; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ICU, intensive care unit; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia. Obesity was defined as body mass index >30 kg/m2; lymphopenia was defined as lymphocyte count <1.109/L; and previous immunosuppression was defined as immunosuppressive treatments including corticosteroids >0.5 mg/kg/day prednisone-equivalent within 30 days prior to inclusion, severe neutropenia <0.5 G/L of neutrophils, human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity, or bone marrow or solid organ transplantation. Data are presented as median (interquartile range) and N (%). P-values comparing patients were tested using Mann–Whitney U-test (continuous variables), and Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests (categorical variables). In this single-centre study, 27% of patients admitted to the ICU for COVID-19-associated ARDS developed HSR. This viral reactivation appeared to be associated with prolonged duration of MV and longer ICU stay, which is consistent with previous studies [[3]Coisel Y. Bousbia S. Forel J.-M. Hraiech S. Lascola B. Roch A. et al.Cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus effect on the prognosis of mechanically ventilated patients suspected to have ventilator-associated pneumonia.PLoS One. 2012; 7e51340Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar,[4]Ong D.S.Y. Bonten M.J.M. Spitoni C. Verduyn Lunel F.M. Frencken J.F. Horn J. et al.Epidemiology of multiple herpes viremia in previously immunocompetent patients with septic shock.Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64: 1204-1210Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar]. We previously showed that respiratory CMV and HSV reactivations are often observed in critically ill COVID-19 patients [[6]Le Balc’h P. Pinceaux K. Pronier C. Seguin P. Tadié J.-M. Reizine F. Herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus reactivations among severe COVID-19 patients.Crit Care. 2020; 24: 530Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar]. Moreover, patients with sepsis, even immunocompetent patients, are recognized as being at risk for viral reactivation [[7]Luyt C.-E. Combes A. Deback C. Aubriot-Lorton M.-H. Nieszkowska A. Trouillet J.-L. et al.Herpes simplex virus lung infection in patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 175: 935-942Crossref PubMed Scopus (267) Google Scholar] that may be promoted by sepsis-induced immunosuppression [[8]Venet F. Monneret G. Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression.Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018; 14: 121-137Crossref PubMed Scopus (374) Google Scholar]. Although associated with immune defects (i.e. prolonged lymphopenia and positive respiratory SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR), there is no clear evidence that viral reactivation has a direct impact on patient outcomes in the ICU. Viral reactivation could also be considered as a marker for disease severity [[7]Luyt C.-E. Combes A. Deback C. Aubriot-Lorton M.-H. Nieszkowska A. Trouillet J.-L. et al.Herpes simplex virus lung infection in patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 175: 935-942Crossref PubMed Scopus (267) Google Scholar]. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of systemic reactivation is debated. The lungs are known to be a major site of Herpesviridae latency. As a high proportion of patients developing systemic reactivation also experienced previous (or concomitant) respiratory reactivation in this study, it can be hypothesized that respiratory reactivation is the first step before systemic dissemination, which may be favoured by immunosuppressive mechanisms in patients with sustained SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, these results suggest that HSR is common in patients with ARDS-associated COVID-19 and may influence the clinical course of these critical patients. Direct clinical consequences of systemic Herpesviridae reactivation and treatment of such infections remain to be investigated. The authors wish to thank Leo-Pol Rio for his help with data collection. None declared. None." @default.
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• W3213056871 title "Herpesviridae systemic reactivation in patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS" @default.
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