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- W3215161496 abstract "Planets smaller than Neptune and larger than Earth make up the majority of the discovered exoplanets. Those with H$_2$-rich atmospheres are prime targets for atmospheric characterization. The transition between the two main classes, super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, is not clearly understood as the rocky surface is likely not accessible to observations. Tracking several trace gases (specifically the loss of ammonia (NH$_3$) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN)) has been proposed as a proxy for the presence of a shallow surface. In this work, we revisit the proposed mechanism of nitrogen conversion in detail and find its timescale on the order of a million years. NH$_3$ exhibits dual paths converting to N$_2$ or HCN, depending on the UV radiation of the star and the stage of the system. In addition, methanol (CH$_3$OH) is identified as a robust and complementary proxy for a shallow surface. We follow the fiducial example of K2-18b with a 2D photochemical model (VULCAN) on an equatorial plane. We find a fairly uniform composition distribution below 0.1 mbar controlled by the dayside, as a result of slow chemical evolution. NH$_3$ and CH$_3$OH are concluded to be the most unambiguous proxies to infer surfaces on sub-Neptunes in the era of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)." @default.
- W3215161496 created "2021-12-06" @default.
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- W3215161496 date "2021-11-25" @default.
- W3215161496 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W3215161496 title "Inferring Shallow Surfaces on Sub-Neptune Exoplanets with JWST" @default.
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- W3215161496 doi "https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac399a" @default.
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