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• W3217750138 abstract "Physiology in PerspectivePhysiology in PerspectiveNikki ForresterNikki ForresterAmerican Physiological Society, Rockville, MarylandPublished Online:29 Dec 2021https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00043.2021This is the final version - click for previous versionMoreSectionsPDF (80 KB)Download PDFDownload PDFPlus ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmail In this issue of Physiology, we are thrilled to publish five review articles that summarize our current understanding and highlight critical areas for future work on a broad range of topics in physiology, with a special emphasis on human health. First, we explore complexities in the ghrelin system, which demonstrate that the peptide is far more than a “hunger hormone.” Next, we investigate uterine fibroids, which are present in more than 75% of women and the leading cause of hysterectomy. Third, we assess age-associated decline in lung function and the role it plays in pulmonary disease. Next, we summarize the relationship between restoring parasympathetic activity and improving cardiorespiratory health. Finally, we evaluate how supplemental oxygenation can disrupt the Hypoxia-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-A2-adenosinergic pathway, contributing to high mortality among COVID-19 patients.Ghrelin is a peptide primarily released from the stomach and intestine that functions in energy homeostasis and adiposity, earning it the “hunger hormone” moniker. However, recent studies have demonstrated that instead of regulating appetite, the complex ghrelin system detects and responds to nutrient availability. Dysfunction and stress on the ghrelin system are associated with multiple disease states, including obesity and alcohol use disorder. In this review, Deschaine and Leggio (1) describe how ghrelin functions as far more than a “hunger hormone,” making it a therapeutic candidate for metabolic and neuropsychiatric diseases.More than 75% of women have uterine fibroids, which are the leading cause of hysterectomy and can cause serious disease. Fibroids are well-circumscribed lesions of the uterine that consist of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. They typically arise from somatic mutations and commonly exceed 20 cm in size, suggesting they lack growth inhibition. Recent studies have uncovered important insights about fibroid genesis and growth, which potentially paves the way for improved treatments and prevention strategies. In this review, Stewart and Nowak (2) provide an overview of current knowledge about uterine fibroids and recommend directions for future basic and clinical research studies.Aging is accompanied by declines in lung function and increases in susceptibility to several pulmonary diseases, including emphysema and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Recent evidence shows that endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling play roles in lung dysfunction and disease; however, less is known about the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, few studies have explored endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling in the pulmonary circulation. In this review, Dieffenbach et al. (3) summarize functional, structural, and molecular changes in the aging pulmonary vasculature, and highlight future areas of study that can modify and reverse age-associated lung disease.Heart failure affects almost 23 million people around the world and has a high fatality rate, despite available treatments. Heart failure and associated abnormalities are often characterized by autonomic imbalance, or a condition that develops when the autonomic nervous system is damaged. Specifically, this imbalance causes increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity to the heart, which is critical for the initiation and maintenance of many cardiorespiratory diseases. In this review, Kay et al. (4), discuss current evidence supporting the role of reduced parasympathetic activity in cardiorespiratory disease and identify potential targets for restoring parasympathetic activity to improve cardiorespiratory health.COVID-19 patients frequently suffer from severe lung inflammation and pneumonia, which leads to invasive ventilation and sometimes fatal outcomes. Supplemental oxygenation may exacerbate inflammatory lung damage and contribute to high mortality among COVID-19 patients by eliminating the Hypoxia-HIF-1α-A2-adenosinergic pathway, which protects tissues from inflammatory damage during anti-pathogen immune responses. In this review, Halpin-Veszeleiova and Hatfield (5), summarize how oxygen ventilation can cause inflammatory damage in patients with severe disease and how restoring the Hypoxia-HIF-1α-A2-adenosinergic pathway may improve patient outcomes.No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author.References1. Deschaine SL, Leggio L. From “hunger hormone” to “it’s complicated”: ghrelin beyond feeding control. Physiology (Bethesda) 37: 5–15, 2022. doi:10.1152/physiol.00024.2021.Link | Google Scholar2. Stewart EA, Nowak RA. Uterine fibroids: hiding in plain sight. Physiology (Bethesda) 37: 16–27, 2022. doi:10.1152/physiol.00013.2021.Link | Google Scholar3. Dieffenbach PB, Aravamudhan A, Fredenburgh LE, Tschumperlin DJ. The mechanobiology of vascular remodeling in the aging lung. Physiology (Bethesda) 37: 28–38, 2022. doi:10.1152/physiol.00019Link | Google Scholar4. Kay MW, Jain V, Panjrath G, Mendelowitz D. Targeting parasympathetic activity to improve autonomic tone and clinical outcomes. Physiology (Bethesda) 37: 39–45, 2022. doi:10.1152/physiol.00023Link | Google Scholar5. Halpin-Veszeleiova K, Hatfield SM. Therapeutic targeting of Hypoxia-A2-adenosinergic pathway in COVID-19 patients. Physiology (Bethesda) 37: 46–52, 2022. doi:10.1152/physiol.00010.2021.Link | Google Scholar Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 37Issue 1January 2022Pages 4-4 Crossmark Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2022 Int. Union Physiol. Sci./Am. Physiol. Soc.https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00043.2021PubMed34806418History Received 17 November 2021 Accepted 17 November 2021 Published online 29 December 2021 Published in print 1 January 2022 PDF download Metrics Downloaded 405 times" @default.
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