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• W322071525 abstract "ABSTRACT: Psychoanalysis has enquired as to how, when, and why psychic disorders arise and how to treat them. Psychoanalysts have also tried to define the specific object and operational techniques of psychoanalysis.The history of psychoanalysis, which spans more than a century, has been marked by revolutions. The relational model of the mind and the concept of projective identification are particularly important in understanding the nature of mental illness. In moving from the Freud's drive model to the relational model proposed by Melanie Klein, the emphasis shifted away from the Oedipus complex to the pre-Oedipal phases of a child's mental development. According to Greenberg and Mitchell (1983), Klein is a key transitional figure between the drive model and the relational model. In what follows I make use of the concepts of Klein and of some British and Italian authors who have been influenced by her.In the first months of life the child has sadistic and destructive parts of the Self which are difficult to accommodate in his internal world. Through the mental processes of splitting and projective identification the child projects these parts into the who, after having processed them, returns them in a more tolerable form (Winnicott, 1958, 1965, Bion, 1962, 1963; Imbasciati, 2006b; Mancia, 2007a, 2007b; Pionteli, 2006).Much has been written regarding the function of the good mother (Winnicott, 1958) and the mother's capacity for reverie (Bion, 1962), as pre-requisites for the acceptance and processing of the destructive parts of the Self. Winnicott also emphasised the importance of the concept of separation and, thus, also the relational model of development in which the presence of a who is good enough to adapt herself to the needs and desires of the child is determinant. According to Winnicott (1958) the child's capacity to recognise and accept reality is further developed in an intermediate stage created by the transitional object.What happens in the infant's mind if these mechanisms of projective and introjective identification with the are distorted, leading to massive, intrusive or confused identification? The direct observation of the mother-child relationship, in the most primitive stage of infantile development, sometimes reveals, in certain infants, states of catastrophic anxiety which the is unable to contain. This leads to the problems of mental illness (for example, the fear of change), and to the various psychotherapeutic models.The concepts of and deviance are relative, depending on the degree of deviation away from an ideal norm. It is not strictly possible to talk of someone as being normal because of her/his make-up, rather one should say that an individual is in a state of normality if she/he succeeds in achieving autonomy and in fulfilling her/himself in various areas of existence (Agazzi, 1981; Jervis, 2001).In relation to the problem of normality-anormality, in the sense of mental health or illness, Money-Kyrie (1978) identified three stages in the history of psychoanalysis which were characterised by their specific approaches to mental illness. In the latter period of his life, Money-Kyrie was very much concerned with the issue of original misunderstanding. This subject is still of major interest to scholars of psychoanalysis as it is connected to alterations in, and disorders of, the primitive processes of the mind and the infant's capacity for emotional and affective relationships. Following on from Bion's theory of innate preconceptions, Money-Kyrie identified the cause of the mis-match between innate preconceptions and concrete realisation. In his opinion, original misunderstanding is due to an inadequate mother-child relationship caused by a lack of reverie on the part of the mother, the infant's intolerance to frustration, or both.The pathology of the authoritarian character stems from the distortion of reality, that is, from an inability to verify internal and external realities rationally. …" @default.
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• W322071525 date "2012-01-01" @default.
• W322071525 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W322071525 title "Three the Mind Also Becomes Sick: How? When? Why? the Problem of Normality-Anormality" @default.
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